1. September 8, 2015S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 5 Key Issue 2 Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

2. September 8, 2015S. Mathews2 Language Family A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history.

3. September 8, 2015S. Mathews3 English is part of the Indo-European language family.

4. September 8, 2015S. Mathews4 Language Branch A collection of languages, within a language group, related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.

5. September 8, 2015S. Mathews5 Indo-European (Eight Branches) - Indo-Iranian - Romance - Germanic - Balto-Slavic - Albanian - Armenian - Greek - Celtic

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7. September 8, 2015S. Mathews7 Language Group A collection of languages, within a branch, that share a common origin in the relatively recent past.

8. September 8, 2015S. Mathews8 West Germanic Group Divided into sub-groups.  High German is the basis for the modern German language.  English is classified in the low Germanic subgroup.  The North Germanic Group includes Scandinavia languages.

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10. September 8, 2015S. Mathews10 Scandinavian Languages Derived from Old Norse  Swedish  Danish  Norwegian  Icelandic

11. September 8, 2015S. Mathews11 Indo-Iranian Branch The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers is indo-Iranian,... More than 100 individual languages... Divided into an eastern group (Indic) and a western group (Iranian).

12. September 8, 2015S. Mathews12 Indic (Eastern) Group The most widely used languages in India as well as in the neighboring countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh, belong... to the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European.

13. September 8, 2015S. Mathews13 Hindi  The most commonly spoken Indic Language.  1/3 rd of Indians speak Hindi.  Spoken many different ways.  Only one official way to write the language using a script called Devanagari.

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15. September 8, 2015S. Mathews15 Hindi originally a variety of Hindustani spoken in the area of New Delhi, grew into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government.

16. September 8, 2015S. Mathews16 Urdu  Pakistan’s principal language  Spoken very much like Hindi but is written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic.

17. September 8, 2015S. Mathews17 India’s 4 most important language families  Indo-European (predominantly in the north).  Dravidian (in the south).  Sino-Tibetan (in the northeast).  Austro-Asiatic (in the central and eastern highlands). of the Indian population can speak it.

18. September 8, 2015S. Mathews18 India’s 18 Languages  India’s constitution was amended to recognize … - 13 Indo-European, - 4 Dravidian, and - 1 Sino-Tibetan language.  English has an associate status – only 1% of population can speak it.

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20. September 8, 2015S. Mathews20 Western Group – Indo Iranian  The major Iranian group include; - Persian (sometimes called Farsi) spoken in Iran. - Pathan spoken in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. - Kurdish, used by the Kurds.  Written in Arabic alphabet.

21. September 8, 2015S. Mathews21 Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European Slavic was once a single language, but differences developed in the 7 th century A.D. when several groups of Slavs migrated from Asia to different areas of Eastern Europe.

22. September 8, 2015S. Mathews22 East Slavic and Baltic Groups  The eastern Slavic languages are the most widely used, primarily Russian.  With the demise of the Soviet Union, the newly independent republics adopted official languages other than Russian.

23. September 8, 2015S. Mathews23  Russian remains the language of communication among officials of the former Soviet Union.  After Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian (sometimes written Byelorussian) are the two most important East Slavic languages.  The desire to use languages other than Russian was a major drive in the Soviet Union breakup a decade ago.

24. September 8, 2015S. Mathews24 West and South Slavic Groups  The most spoken West Slavic language is Polish.  Czech and Slovak are quite similar, and speakers of one can understand the other.  Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian are the two most important South Slavic languages.

25. September 8, 2015S. Mathews25 West and South Slavic Groups  Although Serbs and Croats speak the same language, they use different alphabets.  Slovene is the official language of Slovenia.  Macedonian is used in the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia.

26. September 8, 2015S. Mathews26 Differences among Serbo- Croatioan languages  Differences are relatively small.  Due to cultural identity, differences are being preserved.  Since Yugoslavia broke up, regional differences have increased.

27. September 8, 2015S. Mathews27 Romance Branch  Evolved from the Latin language spoken by the Romans 2,000 years ago.  The most common are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian.  Physical boundaries such as mountains, created barriers to communications between people living on opposite sides.

28. September 8, 2015S. Mathews28 Romance Languages

29. September 8, 2015S. Mathews29 Other Romance Languages  Romanian, is the principal language of Romania and Moldova.  Two other official Romance languages are Romansh and Catalan.  Sardinian—a mixture of Italian, Spanish, and Arabic—once was the official language of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia.

30. September 8, 2015S. Mathews30 Romance Dialects  Ladin (not Latin) and Friulian (along with the official Romansh) are dialects of Rhaeto-Romantic.  Ladino—a mixture of Spanish, Greek, Turkish, and Hebrew—is spoken by 140,000 Sephardic Jews, most of whom now live in Israel.

31. September 8, 2015S. Mathews31 Vulgar Latin The Latin that people in the provinces learned – not the standard literary form, but the spoken form.

32. September 8, 2015S. Mathews32 Creole or Creolized Language A language that results from the mixing of the colonizer’s language and the indigenous language.

33. September 8, 2015S. Mathews33 Origin of Indo- European Languages The Proto-Indo-European cannot be proved, therefore two theories exists;  Kurgan Migration  Anatolian Migration

34. September 8, 2015S. Mathews34 Kurgan Migration  Kurgans date to around 4300 B.C.  Nomadic herders.  Domesticated horses between 3500 and 2500 B.C.  Conquered much of Europe and South Asia.

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36. September 8, 2015S. Mathews36 Anatolian Migration  Lived 2000 years before the Kurgans and diffused; - Westward to become the origin of the Romance Branch. - Northward to become the origin of the Germanic Branch. - Eastward to become the origin of the Indo-Iranian Branch.

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