1. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

2. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Parents who are restrictive and demand mature behavior wind up with rebellious children, not mature children. There is no point in trying to reason with a 4-year-old. Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?

3. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Firstborn children are more highly motivated to achieve than later-born children. Children who are physically punished are more likely to be aggressive. Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?

4. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Children who watch 2 to 4 hours of TV a day will see 8,000 murders and another 100,000 acts of violence by the time they have finished elementary school. Children mechanically imitate the aggressive behavior they view in the media. Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?

5. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 The most common fear among preschoolers is fear of social disapproval. A 2 1/2-year-old may know that she is a girl but still think that she can grow up to be a daddy. Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?

6. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Influences on Development Parents, Siblings, and Peers

7. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Warmth – Coldness –Degree of affection and acceptance of child –Parental warmth relates to Development of moral conscience Positive emotional and social well being Restrictiveness – Permissiveness –Degree to which parents impose rules and control What Are the Dimensions of Child Rearing?

8. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Induction –Reasoning – child will understand what to do in similar situation Power Assertion –“Spare the rod, spoil the child” Withdrawal of Love –Threats or isolation of child What Techniques Do Parents Use to Restrict Their Children’s Behavior?

9. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Authoritative Parents –High on Warmth, High on Restrictiveness –Self-reliance, independence, high self-esteem and social competence Authoritarian Parents –Low on Warmth, High on Restrictiveness –Less socially competent, lower self-reliance and self-esteem What Are the Parenting Styles Involved in the Transmission of Values and Standards?

10. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Permissive Parents –Permissive – Indulgent High warmth, low restrictivenss Less competent in school but fairly high in social competence and self- confidence –Permissive – neglecting Low warmth, low restrictiveness Least competent, responsible and mature children What Are the Parenting Styles Involved in the Transmission of Values and Standards?

11. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Developing in a World of Diversity Individualism, Collectivism, and Patterns of Child Rearing

12. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Figure 10.1 The Self in Relation to Others from the Individualist and Collectivist Perspectives

13. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Positive Aspects –Cooperation –Teaching –Nurturance Negative Aspects –Conflict –Control –Competition Siblings imitate each other Conflict may enhance social competence and self-identity As siblings age, relationship becomes more egalitarian and conflict declines What Kinds of Influence Do Siblings Have on Social and Personal Development in Early Childhood?

14. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Adjusting to Birth of Sibling –Both positive and negative reaction to stress of new sibling regression increased independence and maturity Preparation of child to new sibling shows less sibling rivalry What Kinds of Influence Do Siblings Have on Social and Personal Development in Early Childhood?

15. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 First-born children –More highly motivated to achieve, more cooperative, adult-oriented –Show greater anxiety, less self-reliant –More likely to have imaginary playmate Later-born children –Tend to be more popular with peers –More rebellious, liberal and agreeable Parenting style may differ between first- and later-born children What Does the Research Say About the Effects of Being a First-born or an Only Child?

16. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 By age 2, children –Imitate another’s play –Engage in social games –Show a preference for playmates Preschool friendships –Characterized by shared, positive experiences, feelings of attachment –Show higher levels of interaction, prosocial behavior, positive emotions –Based on experiences; shared toys, activities, and fun What Is The Influence of Peers on Social and Personal Development in Early Childhood?

17. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Developing in a World of Diversity The Case of the (In)Visible Father

18. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Social Behaviors In the World, Among Others

19. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Play based on cognitive development (Piaget, 1951, 1962) –Functional Play – repetitive motor activity –Symbolic Play – pretend play –Constructive Play – draw or make something –Formal Games – games with rules What Do Developmentalists Know About Child’s Play?

20. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Six types of play (Parten, 1932) –Nonsocial (Children do not interact) Unoccupied Play Solitary Play Onlooker Play –Social (Children influenced by others as they play) Parallel Play Associative Play Cooperative Play What Do Developmentalists Know About Child’s Play?

21. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Empathy - sensitivity to the feelings of others –From infancy, babies cry when they hear other children cry May be reflexive or the start of empathy –By second year, approach others in distress and try to help Unresponsive empathy – more aggressive behavior in school years –Girls show more empathy than boys Social learning or genetic? Perspective-Taking How Does Prosocial Behavior Develop?

22. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Reinforcement of behaviors –More positive peer response Responsibility –Household chores and caring for siblings Observation of behaviors of peers Parental interactions Parenting style Influences on Prosocial Behavior

23. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Aggression in preschoolers –Frequently instrumental or possession-oriented –Usually causes rejection by peers Aggression at 6- or 7-years –Hostile and person-oriented Aggressive behavior appears to be stable over time How Does Aggression Develop?

24. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Evolutionary theory –Struggle for survival Biological factors –Genetic factors –Testosterone –Temperament Cognitive factors –Inaccurate interpretation of others’ behavior –Lack of empathy and perspective-taking What Causes Aggression in Children?

25. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Social Learning –Reinforcement and Observational Learning Media Influences –Classic study on influence of televised models of aggression –Television is a major source of informal observational learning What Causes Aggression in Children?

26. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Observational learning Disinhibition Increased arousal Priming of aggressive thoughts and memories Habituation How Do Depictions of Violence Contribute to Aggression?

27. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Violent video games Parental behavior –Substance abuse –Paternal physical punishments –Single motherhood Absence of or rejection by parent Other Factors Related to Aggression

28. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Personality and Emotional Development

29. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Categorical Self – external traits –Age groupings –Sex Self-Esteem –High value attached to themselves Secure attachment and mothers sensitive to their needs By age 4, begin evaluative judgments –Cognitive and physical competence –Social acceptance by peers and parents How Does the Self Develop During Early Childhood?

30. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development –Strive to achieve independence from parents –Strive to master adult behaviors Children begin to internalize adult rules –Fear of violating rules may cause guilt –Support to explore helps develop initiative Erikson’s Initiative Versus Guilt

31. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 A Closer Look Helping Children Cope With Fears

32. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Number of fears peaks between 2 1/2 and 4 years Decline in fears of –loud noises, falling, sudden movement and strangers Most likely to have fears about –animals, imaginary creatures, the dark and personal safety In middle childhood, fears become more realistic What Sorts of Fears Do Children Have in the Early Years?

33. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 By 18-months child shows more preference for gender- stereotyped toys –Girls are more likely to stray from stereotypes May represent social prestige of masculine in American culture Gender differences in play activities –Boys prefer vigorous outdoor, rough and tumble play –Girls prefer arts and crafts, domestic play Are There Boys’ Toys and Girls’ Toys?

34. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Biological factors –Boys – slightly greater strength and activity level –Girls – slightly greater physical maturity and coordination Differences in treatment by adults Children seek “appropriate” labels for toys and play –Peer, parental, adult criticism Why Do Children Show Early Gender Preferences in Choice of Toys and Activities?

35. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Boys’ play - more oriented toward dominance, aggression and rough play –Girls seek out other girls to protect against this behavior Boys are not responsive to girls’ suggestions –Unpleasant to interact with unresponsive playmate Boys may view girls as inferior Why Do Children Choose to Associate With Peers of Their Own Sex?

36. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Development of Gender Roles and Sex Differences

37. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Behavioral expectations based on gender In American culture –Feminine gender roles- dependence, gentleness, helpfulness, warmth, emotionality, submissiveness, home-orientation –Masculine gender roles – aggressiveness, self-confidence, independence, competitiveness, competence in business, math and science What Are Stereotypes and Gender Roles?

38. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Stages of development of gender roles –2 - 2 1/2 years – accurate identifying pictures of boys and girls –3 years – display knowledge of gender stereotypes Traditional stereotypes about activities, occupations, personality traits View their own gender more positive How Do Gender Roles Develop?

39. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Evolution and Heredity –Sex differences are result of natural selection, adaptation –Survival set passed through genes (heredity) –Result – parental investment model Organization of the Brain –Hippocampus and Navigation Males use both hemispheres and rely on geometry Females use right hemisphere (with right prefrontal cortex) and rely on landmarks –Right-brained or Left-brained Left and right hemispheres more specialized in men What Are The Origins of Sex Differences in Behavior?

40. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Sex Hormones –Prenatal influence on behavioral influences Social Cognitive Theory –Observational learning and socialization Parental influence What Are The Origins of Sex Differences in Behavior?

41. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 When do children typically develop a sense of gender identity? –Do the children depicted in the video give responses that you would expect from a preschool child in regard to gender identity and constancy? –Why or why not? Lessons in Observation: Gender

42. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Do the children in the video show stereotypic gender role expectations? –Cite examples to support your answer. –How do children develop gender role stereotypes? Are preschool children typically flexible or inflexible in their ideas, regarding gender typed behavior? Why? –Give examples from the video that are consistent with your responses. Lessons in Observation: Gender

43. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Form concepts about gender and fit behavior to those concepts Gender Identity –Knowledge that one is male or female Gender Stability –People retain their sex for life Gender Constancy –Sex does not change, even if people modify behavior or dress Conservation of gender – related to development of conservation Once child has achieved gender stability and constancy, they seek to behave in ways consistent with their sex Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Of Gender Typing

44. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 Use sex as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world Gender schema - cluster of concepts about male and female traits Gender identity brings gender appropriate behavior –Child acts in ways consistent with the gender schema Bem’s Gender Schema Theory

45. Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus Chapter 10 High in masculine traits only – masculine High in feminine traits only – feminine Neither strong masculine or feminine – undifferentiated High in both masculine and feminine – psychologically androgynous –Better social relations, superior adjustment, greater creativity What is Psychological Androgyny?