1. Chapter 4: Ecosystem Structure and Function

2. Ecosystems Study of how organisms interact with each other and with the biotic EVR Organism -> species-> population -> community -> ecosystem Each species has a range of tolerance – physical/chemical EVR, biotic/abiotic factors

3. Ecosystems Purpose of an organism – to reproduce successfully, ensure offspring reproduce successfully with genetic variation as the lowest energy cost Adaptations – chemical/physical/behavioral changes to increase survival rates

4. The earth can be divided into layers: Atmosphere : –Trophosphere – goes up 11 miles, greenhouse contains ozone – Stratosphere – ozone layer, filter out harmful UV rays Hydrosphere: all the ice, H 2 O, and H 2 O vapor Lithosphere: the land (crust/mantle)

6. What sustains life on earth? The one-way flow of high- quality energy The cycling of matter or nutrients Gravity –Allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere –Causes the downward movement of nutrients

9. How does the sun sustain life on earth? Supplies light energy needed for photosynthesis Warms the earth Drives the weather systems that distribute heat and fresh water

11. Principles of Ecosystem Functioning Ecosystems run on solar energy. Nutrients are recycled in an ecosystem. Ecosystems cannot support large numbers of top consumers –the amount of energy is limited –energy is lost as heat AND is used to keep consumers alive so the amount of energy available decreases as we move up the food chain

12. Ecosystem Structure: the living components of an ecosystem The roles of organisms in an ecosystem: Producer (autotrophs): make food; plants, algae Consumer (heterotrophs): eat other organisms Decomposer: eat dead organic matter; bacteria and fungi

13. Role of organisms Classes of Consumers Herbivore – primary consumer – eats plants Carnivores – secondary – meat eaters; eat herbivores Tertiary – feed on carnivores Omnivores – eat plants/animals

15. Role of Organisms Scavengers – feed on dead organisms (vultures, flies, crows, lobsters) Detritus feeders – organisms that extract nutrients from fragments of dead organisms into more simple organic waste (termites, earthworms, crabs) Decomposers – organisms that digest parts of the dead organisms into simplest chemicals (bacteria, fungi)

17. Ecosystem Function #1. Energy flow in an ecosystem is represented by a food web.

18. The amount of energy available to the organisms at each trophic level decreases as one moves up the food chain since … energy is lost as heat and organisms use energy to sustain themselves Remember the laws of energy?

19. Because the amount of energy decreases at each successive trophic level, the number of organisms also decreases Only approximately 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level. So, are there more producers or consumers on Earth?

20. Energy and biomass pyramids

22. The amount of energy available in an ecosystem depends on the type of vegetation the area can support. This is measured as an area’s net primary productivity (NPP). The higher the NPP, the greater the diversity of animals in that ecosystem.

23. The net primary productivity of biomes

24. Ecosystem Function (con’t) #2. Nutrients are recycled within an ecosystem. Water* Nitrogen Carbon* Phosphorus Oxygen* Sulfur

25. Water Cycle condensation of water vapor in the air leads to precipitation evaporation returns water vapor to the atmosphere infiltration of rainwater replenishes groundwater supplies surface runoff of rainwater replenishes surface water supplies

27. Carbon Cycle CO 2 is taken up by plants during photosynthesis CO 2 is released by organisms during respiration and decomposition; fires, volcanoes CO 2 is also released by autos and industries carbon, present in all organic molecules, moves through the food chain as one organism eats another

28. Carbon Cycle Sinks: - Lithosphere – limestone (largest reservoir) - hydrosphere – ocean (2 nd largest) - Atmosphere – in form of CO 2 - biosphere – wood, plants, dead animals

29. Oxygen Cycle Essential for animals during respiration, released by plants Cycles much like the carbon cycle What is threatening this cycle? Forest deforestation, ocean pollution, etc

30. Nitrogen Cycle 78% of the volume of trophosphere Most complex cycle N 2 gas can’t be used ‘as is’ – it must be ‘fixed’ so that organisms can use it Steps to the cycle: b/c of complexity, no certain order –N Fixation – occurs in plant, by bacteria –Ammonification –Nitrification –Assimilation –Denitrification N 2 gas is modified by “nitrogen-fixing” bacteria in legumes into ammonia (NH 3 ) – NITROGEN FIXATION – aids in production of sugars/starches Bacteria turn wastes and detritus into ammonia – AMMONIFICATION – released into atm NH 3 is converted into nitrite (NO 2 - ) which is then used to produce nitrate (NO 3 - ) - NITRIFICATION

31. Nitrogen cycle (con’t) Plant roots take up the ammonia and nitrate ions and converts it into amino acids, proteins, DNA/RNA = Assimilation other bacteria convert nitrite (NO 2 - ) into N 2 gas - DENITRIFICATION nitrogen, present in proteins, moves through the food chain as one organism eats another

32. Phosphorus Cycle phosphorus is released as rocks erode and plants assimilate this Very slow process phosphorus passes from one organism to another in the food chain decomposers release phosphorus during decomposition Mined for production of fertilizer. Mined in Tampa, FL

34. Sulfur Cycle sulfur is released as rocks erode and plants assimilate this Mostly found under ground like phosphorus H 2 S is released by decomposers and during volcanic eruptions; some H 2 S in soil is converted into sulfur by aerobic bacteria and plants assimilate this 99% of all sulfur in the atm is due to man SO 2 gas is released by industries; SO 2 then reacts with water to form H 2 SO 4 which falls to the earth as acid rain