1. The Planting of English America 1607-1733
APUSH – Unit2 Mod2
Hamer

2. Reasons for European Emigration
Wool Depression – late 1500’s
English soldiers used to controlling “Native” population in Ireland
Spain overextended and began to lose holdings: naval supremacy, Netherlands, Caribbean
MUCH LATER (1840’s) – Cath/Prot struggles along with economic issues drive Irish to US
Enclosure System
LATER Failure of Puritan Revolution ( )
Primogeniture
“Golden Age of Literature” Renaissance of Sorts
Beating of Spanish Armada in 1588 (Philip II) est. English Naval Supremacy
Creation of economic entity of Join Stock Co.
Growing Population
Strong leader in Elizabeth ( )
Protestant Reformation
Social / Cultural
Economic
Political
Religious

3. Original Plantation Colonies

4. Virginia - Jamestown 1606 - The Virginia Company founded
Goal was profit from gold or exploration
May 24, settled
Death and disorganization
John Smith
Starving Time of
15% survival rate in first years

5. Virginia and the Native Americans
Lord de la Warr arrived in 1610 and led the fight against the Powhatans
First Anglo-Powhatan War ended with Pocahontas’ marriage to John Rolfe
Peace ended in 1622
Second Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1646 with “formal separation”
By 1669 only 2000 Indians remained, 10% of those found in 1607
Chief Opechancanough - leader during the attack of 1622 and 2nd War

6. Virginia and Tobacco
John Rolfe had perfected methods of raising and curing tobacco to eliminate bitterness by 1612
Tobacco became the cash crop of Virginia, BUT:
hurt the soil
forced a single crop system
the broad-acre system led to indentured servitude and slavery

7. Virginia’s Effects on America
Idea of Frontiersman; Tough, “Stick it Out” mentality
Smith is a hero - he made stuff happen
Protestant Ethic - hard work wins
Virginia is the heart of America
Tradition of fighting with the Indians and separating from them
Even though it was temporary, self-rule under the House of Burgesses was a first taste of freedom
Initial charter gave full English rights to colonists, which became the standard
Large acre cash-cropping led to slavery

8. Maryland - Catholic Haven
Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore
Baltimore wanted heavy religious toleration, but ended up with the Act of Toleration (1649) - tolerant of all Christians
Grew Tobacco

9. Maryland’s Effects on America
America is a land of religious freedom … for Christians
More cash cropping and slavery

10. The West Indies and Jamaica - Sugar Cane
Provided a market for American growers
Grew sugar and therefore rum
Required HUGE acreage, which led to many slaves
Led to restrictive slave codes

11. West Indies’ Effects on America
Started the slave plantation system
Established restrictive slave codes
Both of these were duplicated throughout the American South

12. Founding New England

13. Understanding the Differences between Separatists and Puritans

14. Calvinism and Puritanism
Predestination.
Good works could not save those predestined for hell.
No one could be certain of their spiritual status.
Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”
Puritans:
Calvinists who wanted to totally reform (purify) the Church of England.
Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.
All Separatists were Puritan, but not all Puritans were Separatists

15. Separatist Beliefs
Puritans who believed only “visible saints” (those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status) should be admitted to church membership.
Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”
Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.
Went to Holland for 12 years in 1608, but worried that their children were being “Dutchified”

16. Sources of Puritan Migration
Wool workers of southern England

17. Plymouth Colony
New England

18. The Mayflower 1620  a group of 102 people (half Separatists)
Negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.
Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish
Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company.
Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a government

19. The Mayflower Compact November 11, 1620
Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.
Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.
Signed by 41 adult males.
Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

20. Covenant Theology Affected Puritan Society
“Covenant of Grace”:
between Puritan communities and God.
“Social Covenant”:
Between members of Puritan communities with each other.
Required mutual watchfulness.
No toleration of deviance or disorder.
No privacy.

21. Plymouth’s First Year Winter of 1620-1621
Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.
None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.
Fall of 1621  First “Thanksgiving.”
Colony survived with fur (especially beaver), fish, and lumber.
Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.
1691  only 7,000 people
Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

22. Plymouth’s Effects on America
Protestant Ethic
Even thought it was a TINY colony, this somehow became the symbolic beginning of America - religious freedom
Hardcore American Spirit

23. Colonizing New England

24. The Massachusetts Bay Colony

25. Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629  non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.
Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.
They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”
Acted like they were a Joint Stock Co. so people wouldn’t think they were separatists…
1630  1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships
Established a colony with Boston as its hub.
“Great Migration” of the 1630s
Turmoil in England (leading to the English Civil War) sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.
11,000 of which went to Mass Bay

26. Life in Massachusetts Bay Colony
Economy based on:
Furs
Fishing
Ship Building
All male property holders could participate in town meetings
All people (even non-believers) were subject to the law and had to pay to maintain the church
Even though it was a theocracy (government with church in charge), ministers and clergy could not hold public office

27. We shall be as a city on a hill..
John Winthrop
Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.
Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.
Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.
Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.
We shall be as a city on a hill..

28. Land Division in Sudbury, MA: 1639-1656

29. Puritan Rebels

30. Roger Williams Young, popular minister in Salem.
Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.
Condemned MA Bay Charter.
Did not give fair compensation to Indians.
Denied authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior.
1635  found guilty of preaching newe & dangerous opinions and was exiled.

31. Rhode Island 1636  Roger Williams fled there.
MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.
Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI
Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification.
Opposed to special privilege of any kind  freedom of opportunity for all.
Religious freedom for all
RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters  More liberal than any other colony!

32. Anne Hutchinson Intelligent, strong-willed, well-spoken woman.
Threatened patriarchal control.
Antinomianism
Means “against the law.”
Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination:
Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.
Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.

33. Trial of Anne Hutchinson
1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.
Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.
Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??
Puritan leaders banished her  she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.
She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.
John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

34. Salem Witch Trials
Read The Crucible
people put to death on accusations of witchcraft by adolescent girls in Salem, MA
Stopped in 1693 when the governor’s wife was accused
Poor (accusers) vs. Wealthy (accused)

35. More Colonies in New England

36. Hartford (Connecticut) - 1635
Boston Puritans, led by Reverend Thomas Hooker, moved to Hartford
1639 drafted the Fundamental Orders
Modern constitution with democracy led by “substantial” citizens

37. New Haven (Connecticut) - 1638
Wanted a tighter church – government alliance than Massachusetts
Fell out of favor with Charles II and was made part of Connecticut

38. Maine European colonists had been fishing there for a while
Purchased from the Gorges in 1677 and merged into Massachusetts

39. New Hampshire Became part of Massachusetts in 1641
King separated it in 1679 and made NH its own colony

40. New England Colonies 1650

41. Bacon’s Rebellion

42. Problems in the Chesapeake
Poor single men
On the frontier - issues with the Native Americans
Bacon’s Rebellion
Frontiersmen (Bacon’s group) vs. “haughty” landowners (Tidewater gentry)
Former servants vs. those with land and money
Made landowners concerned about indentured servants = slavery
Indentured Servitude Certificate

43. The Restoration Colonies
After the Puritan Revolution / English Civil War and the King (Charles II) was Restored to the Crown

44. The Carolinas
New and “weird” political system designed by John Locke
Tied to the West Indies
Carolinas sent them Indian slaves and food
Massacred Savannah Indians in 1710
Rice as an export crop
Brought in African slaves to raise rice
Centered on Charleston

45. South Carolina’s Effect on America
African slaves become the main plantation workers in SC and later the South because of their ability to handle the weather and the disease (malaria)

46. North Carolina - Misfit Middle Child
Broke off from “Carolina” in 1712
Settled by poorer outcasts from VA who couldn’t compete with the tobacco barons
seen as poor, irreligious, and immoral by the aristocratic colonies to the North and South
Were the final defeat for the coastal Indians
NC Traded with Pirates!

47. North Carolina’s Effect on America
Expansion means beating up the Native Americans
Colonies begin to have different personalities

48. Pennsylvania

49. The Quakers
Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.
Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.
Important Differences:
They met without paid clergy in simple meeting houses
Believed all were children of God - refused to treat the upper classes with deference.
Kept hats on.
Addressed everyone as commoners - ”thees”/“thous.”
Wouldn’t take oaths.
Pacifists.

50. William Penn Aristocratic Englishman.
1660 – attracted to the Quaker faith.
he received a grant from king to establish a colony.
This settled a debt the king owed his father.
Named Pennsylvania (“Penn’s Woodland”)
He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers - best advertised colony.
Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.
Religious Freedom in PA

51. Royal Land Grant to Penn

52. Penn and Native Americans
Bought (instead of just taking) land from Indians.
Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.
BUT… non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA
Treated native peoples poorly.
This undermined the actions of the Quakers

53. Penn’s Treaty with Native Americans

54. Government of Pennsylvania
Representative assembly elected by landowners.
No tax-supported church.
Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.
Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English government
Death penalty only for treason & murder.
Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

55. Pennsylvania Society Attracted many different people
Religious misfits from other colonies.
Many different ethnic groups.
No provision for military defense.
No restrictions on immigration.
No slavery! (in the beginning)
There were still “Blue Laws” (sumptuary laws) - against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

56. New Jersey

57. New Jersey
1664: aristocratic proprietors (who were Quakers) received the area from the Duke of York.
Many New Englanders (because of bad soil) moved to NJ.
1674:West NJ sold to Quakers.
1702: E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

58. Delaware

59. Delaware
Named after Lord De La Warr (military governor of VA in 1610).
Closely associated with Penn’s colony.
granted its own assembly.
Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.

60. New Netherlands and New Sweden

61. Dutch Exploration into the Americas
1600s: Golden Age of Dutch history.
Major commercial and naval power.
Challenging England on the seas.
3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars
Major colonial power (mainly in the East Indies)
Hudson was financed by Dutch West India Co.

62. New Netherland Founded in the Hudson River area (1623- 1624)
Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.
Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony.
Manhattan (New Amsterdam)
Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

63. New Amsterdam Harbor 1639
Company town run in interest of the stockholders.
No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.
Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.
Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church (including Quakers) were persecuted.
Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists

64. New Amsterdam 1660 Characteristics of New Amsterdam:
Aristocratic patroonships (feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them).
Cosmopolitan: diverse population with many different languages.

65. New York Manors and Land Grants (Patroonships)

66. New Netherlands and New Sweden

67. New Sweden
Mid-1600s; Sweden in Golden Age settled small, under-funded colony (called “New Sweden”) near New Netherland.
1655: Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesant attack New Sweden.
Main fort fell after bloodless siege.
New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

68. New York
Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, (before the British controlled the area!)
1664: English soldiers arrived.
Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.
Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.
Renamed “New York”
England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.
England now controlled from Maine to Carolinas

69. New Amsterdam 1664

70. Dutch Influence on America
Names: Harlem, Brooklyn
Architecture: gambrel roof
Customs: Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf], sauerkraut - yum :)
Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC
New York City seal

71. The Last Colony!

72. Georgia - Debtor’s Colony
Last of the original 13 - founded in 1733
Both a buffer colony from Spanish Florida and a debtors’ colony created by Oglethorpe
Founding place of Methodism
Slowest growing of the original colonies

73. Colony Comparisons

74. English Colonies Established 1660-1750
Colony
Date
Orig Type
Religion
Status 1775
Economic Activity
Carolina
1663
Proprietary
Anglican
Royal NC
1691
Farming; Naval Stores SC
Rice, Indigo
New Jersey
1664
Wheat
New York
Penn
1681
Quaker
Georgia
1732
Trustees
Rice
New Hampshire (sep from Mass)
1741
Congregationalist
Lumber, Naval Stores, Mixed Farming

75. Similarities in the Plantation Colonies
Connected not by chronology, but by economics and society
Exported agriculture
All based on slavery (GA would be soon after founding)
Large land tracts caused fewer cities
Expansionary because tobacco (and later cotton) stripped the soil and farmers needed new land

76. Population of New England Colonies

77. Life Expectancy Comparisons: New England vs. the Chesapeake

78. Philadelphia and Boston Compared

79. Urban Population Growth

80. Ethnic Groups

81. Characteristics of the Middle Colonies
Better land than New England
Known as the Bread Colonies
Rivers allowed for shipping, but not water wheels - still some industry, though, in lumber and ships
Smaller land tracts than the south - larger than NE
Larger governments than NE’s town mtgs, but more representative than Southern county governments
More ethnically diverse
More religious toleration and democratic control

82. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

83. New England Confederation (1643)
Made of 2 Mass colonies and 2 Conn colonies (only Puritans)
Homegrown attempt at mutual defense and government
Dealt with Inter-state problems
First taste of running own colony/state

84. Charles II – The Crown is Back!
Wanted more control
Massachusetts was especially defiant
Charles II punished Mass by chartering Conn and RI and revoking the Bay Colony Charter - harsh

85. Dominion of New England (1686)
Under James II
Was an English version of a “unified” America
New England, NY, and the Jersies
Created by London to enforce mercantilism
Led by Sir Edmond Andros
Limited town meetings, courts, press, schools…leading to taxation without representation

86. William and Mary Replace James II
Called the Glorious Revolution (when W + M take over England peacefully)
Led to more of a constitutional monarchy (more power to Parliament, less to the crown)
During this time a Boston mob went after Andros and sent him back to England

87. Effects of Glorious Revolution
Salutary Neglect
Navigation Laws not enforced
More English officials
Judges, clerks, customs officials
Americans grew increasingly resentful against England because of waffling between freedom and repression