The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body: An Orientation
PART 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy Physiology
The study of the structure of the human body Physiology The study of body function *Please understand the difference between structure and function Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomical terminology
An Overview of Anatomy Anatomical terminology Based on ancient Greek or Latin Provides standard nomenclature worldwide Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy (histology) Surface anatomy – need to know what a normal body looks like to identify anomalies, locate veins for venipuncture, etc. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of Anatomy Other branches of anatomy
Developmental anatomy-structural changes of aging Embryology – study of development of fetus Pathological anatomy (pathology)- study of disease Radiographic anatomy- study of anatomy using radiographic imagery, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound **Why are there so many different imaging techniques? Please understand what each technique images Functional morphology Microscopic – anatomy of structures using various microscopic instruments. Histology – study of tissues Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Chemical level – atoms form molecules Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function *Please think about the fact that our bodies are made of atoms, the same thing as rocks, plants, stars and comets! By understanding the nature of specific atomic structures, you will become aware of how chemistry provides the basis of living systems. Chemistry is a simple matter of balancing electromagnetic charges! You can move a piece of metal by bringing a magnet nearby…movement! Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue. e.g. the heart is made of muscle (obviously), connective tissue, nerves and epithelial tissue (valves) Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels working in unison Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Systemic v. Regional Anatomy
Systemic – study of anatomy by system Regional – study of anatomy by region Most students use a combination of regional and systemic study Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury
Integumentary System Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework for muscles
Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework for muscles Blood cells formed within bones Stores minerals Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion Facial expression
Muscular System Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion Facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external changes
Nervous System Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external changes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine System The Endocrine system works as a regulatory messaging system similar to the nervous system Remember: cells are isolated! They don’t know what to do unless they are told what to do and either the nervous system or then endocrine system tells them what to do! Glands secrete hormones that regulate Growth Reproduction Nutrient use Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide Also carries nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels Blood vessels are merely the plumbing which brings water, gases and nutrients to the individual cells. It is similar to a city’s water system. The heart is the pump just like our residential water has a pump station so that we have water pressure! Again, the cells are (mostly) fixed and isolated and they rely on the intelligence of the monitoring systems of the body (the nervous system) to provide it’s needs. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body The lymphatic system is a highly understudied system in the body. It is in fact one of the most important systems of the body! Without proper functioning of this system, we would die! Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphedema The lymphatic drainage of the leg is impaired and the fluid collects in the limb causing it to swell. The cells are improperly nourished and will become diseased. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs This is a simple system to understand but it also functions in the acid-base balance of the physiology Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Breaks down food into absorbable units
Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance The cells of our body (all 70 trillion of them!) require an exact environment to survive. The urinary system along with the lymphatic system provides this environment directly. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Why do we have body systems? What do they provide?
Do we need all of them? How did they come about? What is homeostasis? How does each system contribute to homeostasis? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male & Female Reproductive Systems
Overall function is to produce offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Mammary glands produce milk Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Anatomical position – a common visual reference point Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position Standardized terms of directions are paired terms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional terms Regional terms – names of specific body areas Axial region – the main axis of the body Appendicular region – the limbs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regional Terms May be used on exams! Figure 1.4a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regional Terms May be used on exams! Figure 1.4b

Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Median (midsagittal) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Planes and Sections
Transverse plane Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts May be used on exams! Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oblique Section Through the Trunk
May be used on exams! Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Banana Sectioned into Planes

The Human Body Plan Tube-within-a-tube Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord (primative supporting rod) and vertebrae Segmentation Pharyngeal pouches (gills!) Post-anal tail (at some point in development) Characteristics common to all vertebrates This will all be covered in embryology chapter 3 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.8a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – lies between the lungs and contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac, the trachea, the esophagus, the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and various nerves. This is an anatomically important area. Be able to describe it’s location and contents! Anterior-sternum, posterior-thoracic vertebrae, lateral-lungs, superior-1st rib, inferior-diaphragm Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ventral cavity (continued) Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Serous cavities – a coelomic cavity, like that enclosed by the pericardium, peritoneum, or pleura, not communicating with the outside body, and whose lining membrane secretes a serous fluid. Pleura (enclosing lungs), pericardium(enclosing heart), and peritoneum(enclosing most of abdominal organs but specifically NOT the kidneys!) Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs *Always remember the difference between parietal and visceral…visceral is ALWAYS against the organ(s) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Other Body Cavities Figure 1.11

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Abdominal Regions May be used on exams! Figure 1.12a, b

Abdominal Quadrants May be used on exams! Figure 1.12c

Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope
Microscopic Anatomy Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification) Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons (higher magnification) TEM transmission electron microscopy will always be sharper than light microscope Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy Figure 1.13

Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Microscopic Anatomy Preparing human tissue for microscopy Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Scanning electron microscopy
Microscopic Anatomy Scanning electron microscopy Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents Artifacts Minor distortions of preserved tissues Not exactly like living tissues and organs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures Figure 1.14 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
Variations of X ray Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen Allows viewing of internal organs as they move Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section This technique receives information only from transverse planes and adds them up to form a 3D image. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging provides an unobstructed view of small arteries DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high-quality images of soft tissues Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content Figure 1.19a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Human Body: An Orientation

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "The Human Body: An Orientation"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

The Human Body: An Orientation

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "The Human Body: An Orientation"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback