1. Psychology of SELF MOTIVATION
CC Motivation:
Psychology of SELF MOTIVATION
Psychology-of-Self-Motivati

2. 1/12 DO NOW: Turn in your 3 TYPES OF LEARNING handout
Free write. Write down a few sentences about what motivates you.
Why do you come to school? Why are you in an AP course? Why are you applying to colleges, looking for careers? Why do you get up and shower? Etc. etc…

4. Motivation and Emotion
Materials: chapter 8A, 8B. Study Guide (note changes in study guide)
Due for M/E Unit = Study guide w/vocab and all questions completed.
1st, 2nd, 8th= 1 reading quiz on Day 3
3rd and 5th = 5 unit review questions total from chapter 8
Day 1 = Motivation. Chapter 8A: pgs
Theories
Hunger
Achievement
Eating disorders, obesity and weight
Sex, sexual orientation
Day 2 = Motivation (finish),Emotions. Chapter 8B: pgs
Day 3= Stress and Health. Chapter 8B: pgs

5. Aron Ralston Survivor: The Aron Ralston Story
Survivor: The Aron Ralston Story

6. Aron Ralston Project
Discuss Aron Ralston’s experience using the following psychological principles. Use specific examples and events to illustrate each psychological concept or theory.
Drive reduction theory
Arousal theory & sensation seeking (Type T’s)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives
Opponent-process theory of emotion
Cognitive Dissonance theory

7. I CAN: Define Motivation
Distinguish the 6 types of motivation (Drive, Motive , Intrinsic Motivation , Extrinsic Motivation, Conscious Motivation, Unconscious Motivation)
Describe a time overjustification interfered with your motivation

8. Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do?
Motivation takes many forms, but all involve inferred mental processes that select and direct our behavior
Motivation may be…
conscious "I'll need a good grade, so I'll study"
    or
unconscious  nibbling on food while you're studying

9. Mental processes that select and direct our behavior
Motivation
Mental processes that select and direct our behavior
Why We Do Things
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

11. Types of Motivation Drive Motive Intrinsic Motivation
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Types of Motivation
Drive
Motive
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Conscious Motivation
Unconscious Motivation

12. Drives “Push” and Incentives “Pull”
Drives are based on inner needs and can be seen as a force “pushing” from inside of us.
Incentives are external stimuli that either appeal to our needs or trigger our aversive feelings, and can be used to “pull” us in our actions.
Automatic animation for first half. Click to reveal example.
For example:
we have a drive to have food, or money we can exchange for food.
employers can use the prospect of a raise in (or elimination of) salary as an incentive for us to follow employer goals and policies.

13. Drive Biologically instigated motivation Hunger Thirst Sex
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Biologically instigated motivation
Hunger
Thirst
Sex

14. Urges that are mainly learned rather than biologically based
Motive
The internal mechanism that selects and directs behavior
Urges that are mainly learned rather than biologically based
The desire to play video games
The Need for Achievement

15. Intrinsic Motivation This comes from ‘within’ the person
Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake
This comes from ‘within’ the person

16. Extrinsic Motivation
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Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence…like a reward
The anticipation of a reward will continue to be a motivator even when the task holds little or no interest.
An extrinsically motivated student may have no interest in the subject, but the possibility of a good grade is enough to keep the student motivated
Personal examples?

17. Conscious Motivation
Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire

18. Unconscious Motivation
Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire
A talented basketball player who plays poorly in a game could unconsciously be punishing an over-demanding father or coach
Freud: repressed desires, impulses, memories influence motivation

19. Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory
Drive Theory: aka Drive Reduction Theory
Cognitive Theory
Locus of Control (Internal and external)
Maslows’s Humanistic Theory (Hierarchy of Needs)
6. The Arousal Theory

20. Jigsaw learning
In groups of 5-6 you’ll be assigned a theory. You will become the expert of that theory and teach the class using the following:
Definition of the theory
Example of theory
20 minutes to collaborate, and prepare to share out

21. Instinct Theory:
One of the oldest theories comes from the field that we know today as Evolutionary Psychology
Charles Darwin: human behavior is driven by innate instinctual drives (unlearned) like those for some birds & fish.
However, this theory soon revealed its limitations in that it could only describe the behavior of humans but not provide an explanation.
Examples:
Sea Turtles, upon being born on the beach, instinctively head directly to the sea.
Infants have an inborn rooting reflex that helps them seek out a nipple & obtain nourishment.
Birds have an inborn need to build a nest or migrate during the winter.

22. "To qualify as an instinct, a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned. Such behaviors are common in other species. Human behavior, too, exhibits certain unlearned fixed patterns, including infants' innate reflexes for rooting & sucking. Most psychologists, though, view human behavior as directed by both physiological needs & psychological wants."
(Myers, 2011)

23. Drive-Reduction Theory
Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Hull: Humans have innate biological needs (thirst) & social needs (love)
Drives compel us to satisfy our needs
The need is usually to maintain homeostasis.
We are not only pushed by our needs...
Pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

24. Drive-Reduction Theory:
Thirst (need) feel an internal motivation (drive) to find water to satisfy that need
Drive-Reduction Theory:
Do whatever is necessary to reduce the unpleasant sensation.
Humans often act counter to this notion.
People will go on hunger strikes if they feel strongly about some cause.
Motivation to not eat: greater than the biological motivation to eat.

25. Arousal Theory
Sometimes we do not seek homeostasis, but instead seek arousal.
Our needs go beyond reducing drives.
Stimulation is a primary need.
Too much stimulation causes stress, so homeostatic processes are working here as well.
Some people exhibit a drive towards high-risk situations that are uncomfortable without adrenaline rush.
Others are content to watch and would feel uncomfortable if they were forced to engage in high-risk behaviors.

26. Video: Real Life Spiderman 1:41

27. Outside influences control what happen
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Locus of Control
Internal LOC
You control what happens to you
If you study, you get a good grade
External LOC
Outside influences control what happen
Good grades are due to luck or a biased teacher

28. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Hierarchy of Needs
The notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic

29. Maslow’s Self-Actualization
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State of self- fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way
Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way. Although at first Maslow suggested that self-actualization occurred in only a few, famous individuals, he later expanded the concept to encompass everyday people. For example, a parent with excellent nurturing skills who raises a family, a teacher who year after year creates an environment that maximizes students’ opportunities for success, and an artist who realizes her creative potential might all be self-actualized. The important thing is that people feel at ease with themselves and satisfied that they are using their talents to the fullest. In a sense, achieving self-actualization produces a decline in the striving and yearning for greater fulfillment that marks most people’s lives and instead provides a sense of satisfaction with the current state of affairs (Jones & Crandall, 1991).

30. Rewards Rewards don’t always interfere with intrinsic motivation
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Rewards
Rewards don’t always interfere with intrinsic motivation
For example, some people love their job and get paid for it
Airborne Toxic Event

31. Mini-assignment 1. READ THE STORY BELOW AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
1. READ THE STORY BELOW AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
Rodney Denman was an outstanding volleyball player his first three years of high school, but he did not perform as well in the classroom. At the end of his junior year, he discovered that he would not be eligible for any college volleyball scholarships unless he raised his grades. During his senior year, Denman's grades rose from a D average to a B+ average while his outstanding performance on the volleyball court continued.
a. Pick a theory of human motivation (instinct, drive reduction, arousal, or incentive).
b. Using this theory, explain Rodney Denman's change in behavior.
2. Using ANOTHER theory of motivation, explain some behavior that YOU engage in. Describe the behavior, then explain how the theory explains it.

32. Freud believed that humans have only two basic drives:
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4. Psychodynamic Theory
Eros
The desire for sex
2. Thanatos The aggressive, destructive impulse.

33. Virtually everything we do is based on one of these urges
Since these urges are always building, we continuously need to find acceptable outlets for our sexual (artist creating art) and aggressive (sports) needs
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Georgia O'Keefe

34. Homeostasis
Does not explain things like why people play, which is rewarding in itself without satisfying a drive

35. BREAK Define Motivation
Distinguish the 6 types of motivation (Drive, Motive , Intrinsic Motivation , Extrinsic Motivation, Conscious Motivation, Unconscious Motivation)
Describe a time overjustification interfered with your motivation

36. How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences

37. Do NOW Find “Motivation” study guide.
Turn and talk to a neighbor about:
Drive reduction theory
Motive
Intrinsic motivation
Goals for today:
Re-cover Theory 
Hunger, sex, sexual orientation and begin emotion

38. Hunger

39. Hunger as Motivation Physiology of Hunger Eating comes naturally
BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION:
Hypothalamus: region of brain most often associated w/ motivation
Motivation: feeding, fighting, fleeing, & sexual reproduction.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Eating comes naturally
If it was entirely learned, you would probably starve before
learning it
Physiology of Hunger
Glucose: hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.
When glucose levels drop:
HUNGER INCREASES
Washburn: showed hunger partially related to the stomach.
**However, those persons who have had their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

40. Summary of Hypothalamus & Hunger
Along lower middle section of hypothalamus is the ventromedial hypothalamus: depresses hunger
Stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus & the animal will stop eating
Lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus the animal will continuously want to eat.
Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the lateral hypothalamus:
which brings on hunger.
Stimulate the lateral hypothalamus & even a well fed animal will begin to eat.
Lesion the lateral hypothalamus & a starving animal will have no interest in food.

42. Hunger Drive Hunger is probably the most researched of all physiological needs. Arises from a complex mixture of external and internal factors:
External Factors
Internal Factors
Stress - A person may eat to counteract negative feelings produced by stress. (Stress- unpleasant, Eating pleasant) Certain foods release the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect.
Eating habits - Eating at fixed times of the day, regardless of hunger.
Food-related cues - Eat because food is appealing to you, even though you are not hungry. Eating dessert even though you are full.
Presence of eating cues - If you always have a snack an hour before going to bed, when the cock reaches that hour, it motivates you to go and get food - hungry or not.
Hypothalamus - 2 factors, one monitors chemicals related to the amount of glucose in the body. When glucose drops, the hypothalamus produces sensation of hunger. After the need has been met, other chemicals are released that signal the feeling that you are full. A second homeostatic system measures the amount of fats and amino acids stored in the body's cells. When their levels drop too low, hunger signals are switched on.
Basal Metabolic Rate - Each person burns food at a different rate and expends energy with different efficiency. A person with a high metabolic rate can eat more without gaining weight than someone who is just as active, but has a lower metabolic rate.
Body (basal) Set Point - Falling below that "set point" of weight triggers biological processes that cause us to get hungry more often.
Taste Sensation - Tastes is an important factor when we first begin eating. It encourages us to continue. Before long, the taste buds begin to shut down so that we are willing to stop eating when we are full.

43. Hypothalamus acts as a thermostat.
Set Point Theory
Hypothalamus acts as a thermostat.
We are meant to be in a certain weight range.
When we fall below weight our body will increase hunger & decrease energy expenditure (Basal Metabolic Rate)
What happens if we go above our set point?
Theory states we will auto correct to lower point.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

44. Motivation and Hunger
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The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

45. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Eating Disorders

46. Anorexia Disorder
significantly underweight (15% or more); feel fat and fear obesity; limited food intake
2 types of anorexia
restricting type
dieting
fasting
excessive exercise
binge-eating/purging type
self-induced vomiting
misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas
Binge-purge types are more likely to:
have problems with impulse control
abuse alcohol & other drugs
have more labile moods
be sexually active

47. BULIMIA NERVOSA binge eating
Bulimics are typically normal weight. Binge eating typically occurs in secret.
Binge eating is often triggered by:
dysphoric mood states
interpersonal stressors
intense hunger following dietary restraint
feelings related to body weight, body shape, and food
What are inappropriate ways of preventing weight gain?
vomiting (80-90% of bulimics)
fasting
excessive exercise (that interferes with important activities, occurs at inappropriate times or settings, or continues despite injury or medical conditions)
not taking insulin (in diabetics)
About 1 to 3 % of adolescent and young adult females are bulimic

48. Women’s Body Images 1 – 5 Scale
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49. The Thinning of Miss America
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Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners
BMI, kg/m² 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
Year of Pageant
World Health
Organization’s
cutoff point for
undernutrition (18.5)
Trend line

50. Video: Dove Evolution

51. Video: The Photoshop Effect

52. The Thirst Drive Volumetric Thirst
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The Thirst Drive
Volumetric Thirst
A drop in extracellular fluid levels
(Fluid outside the cells, such as in the blood)

53. The Thirst Drive Osmotic Thirst A drop in intracellular fluid levels
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Osmotic Thirst
A drop in intracellular fluid levels
Results from water moving through the cell walls…escaping in the form of sweat, urine, feces, mucus, breath moisture

54. Pain
Usually produces a drive to avoid or remove, rather than seek, a stimulus.

55. 1/14/2015
Do NOW:
Discuss why you think eating disorders are so prevalent in Western society.
explain the Arousal theory.
Give an example of a famous person who might be an extreme in this theory.
Today:
finish Motivation-sex, sexual orientation, conflict
Emotion: Eckman, universals, (maybe) theories

56. Sex and Motivation
Sex in NOT a homeostatic drive because it does not return the body to a state of equilibrium
The brain is the major sex organ in humans

57. Sexual Drive:
Pleasure that organisms derive from sex ensures that they will procreate, helping their species survive.
Like hunger, it is a complex interaction involving chemistry, biology, & psychology.
Chemistry - the release of specific chemicals in the body triggers the emotions we associate with sex drive.
Cognition - plays an important role in mediating the sex drive.
Just as cultural beliefs play a role in determining the foods one will eat or avoid, personal values and cultural customs are determining factors in when, how, and with whom one satisfies the sex drive.
A Primary Need - However... sexual activity is also associated with higher needs in Maslow's hierarchy, such as belonging, avoidance of loneliness, and self-esteem.

58. Kinsey’s Studies
Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (early 1950’s).
Most men and half of all women have premarital sex.
Good beginning, however major problems with his study included sampling size & questionnaires.

59. The Physiology of Sex
1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.
382 females & 312 males
Only people who were willing to have sex & display orgasm in a lab environment.
Filmed more than 10,000 sex cycles.
Discovery of The Sexual Response Cycle (4 Stages)
Excitement Phase
Plateau Phase
Orgasm
Resolution Phase

60. The Physiology of Sex
People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.
Viewing erotic materials:
changes ones attitudes to be more liberal about sexual practices.
may make some people dissatisfied with their own sexual interactions.
elevates the likelihood of overt sexual activity for a few hours immediately after the exposure.
Pheromones appear to be important in lower animals determinants of sexual desire in but of limited relevance to humans.

62. Adolescent Sexuality Cultural Acceptance
About ½ of all high school kids in US report having sex.
Rates are higher in Western Europe but lower in Arab or Asian countries.
Also change over time in the same culture:
In % of women reported having sex by 18. Now that number is around 1/2.

63. Hormones and Sexual Motivation
Sexual motivation may have evolved to enable creatures to pass on their genes. Sexual desire and response is not as tied to hormone levels in humans as it is in animals.
During ovulation, women show a rise in estrogen and also in testosterone.
As this happens, sexual desire rises in women and also in the men around them (whose testosterone level rises).
Low levels of testosterone can reduce sexual motivation.
Click to reveal bullets.

64. Sexual Scripts
Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations
Both learning and genetics affect our sexual behaviors

65. Origins of Sexual Orientation
Theories suggesting that sexual preference is related to parenting behaviors or childhood abuse are not supported by evidence.
Differences appear to begin at birth. This could be genetic, or it could be caused by exposure to hormones or antigens in the womb.
The fraternal birth order effect: being born after a brother increases the likelihood of being gay.
Cause or Effect? The brain and other differences in sexual orientation
Heterosexual men have a certain cell cluster in the hypothalamus that, on average, is larger than in gay men and in women.
Gay men are more likely than straight men to be poets, fiction writers, artists, and musicians.
Click to reveal bullets and sidebar.
A comment implied in the text about these two examples: non-sexual differences between gay and straight men could be biological but could also be a function of the social experience of being gay in this society.

66. Genetics and Homosexuality
In fruit flies, a difference in one gene determined sexual orientation and behavior.
Homosexuality seems to run in families and among identical twins, but still emerges spontaneously, even in one of a pair of twins.
Genes related to homosexuality could be passed on by siblings or by people not living exclusively according to their sexual orientation.
Homosexuality and Gender
Hormones that affect gender may also affect sexual orientation.
In mammals, female fetuses exposed to extra testosterone, and male fetuses exposed to low levels of testosterone, often grow up with:
bodies, brains, and faces with traits of the opposite sex.
the sexual attraction expected of the opposite sex to one’s own sex.
Click to reveal bullets.

67. The Origins of Sexual Orientation
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68. Watch video Case studies of sexual orientation in twins
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Watch video Case studies of sexual orientation in twins
e837ad/Case-studies-of-sexual-orientation-in-twins

69. Approach-Approach Conflict
Motives in Conflict
Approach-Approach Conflict
A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options
Finishing college and a full-time job offer
Easiest conflict to resolve
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

70. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Motives in Conflict
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made
Going out to a party, knowing that you will be grounded for being at the party.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

71. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Motives in Conflict
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A conflict in which one must choose between two equally unattractive options
You intensely hate your job, but fear the reality of unemployment if you quit
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

72. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Motives in Conflict
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects
Go to the Party
Get grounded
Don’t study for a test
…fail it
Do something stupid that
you’ll regret
Go to the Party
Meet friends
Have a good time
Aren’t alone
Aren’t bored
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

73. Break
Emotions discussion 

74. CAN I? Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power
Explain cultural differences in achievement
Explain weight trends and cultural influences involving hunger/weight
Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex
Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict

75. The Psychology of the Workplace:
Industrial- Organizational [I/O]Psychology
I/O psychology includes three different areas of focus
Personnel psychology:
hiring and evaluating
Organizational psychology:
management, supervision, leadership, and teamwork
Human factors psychology:
how workers interface with machines and the environment
No animation.

76. Organizational Psychology
Goals of Organizational Psychology Research
Organizational psychology: studying and consulting about how worker productivity and motivation is affected by different patterns of worker- management engagement, leadership, and teamwork
Maximizing worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity
Understanding organizational structures and dynamics
Facilitating organizational change
No animation.
Improving teamwork and leadership

77. Grit: Motivation to Achieve and Self-Discipline to Succeed
Achievement in most fields of work may seem like a function of talent; however, Thomas Edison noted that, “genius is 1 percent inspiration, 99 percent perspiration.”
Talent itself can be a result of perseverance. According to the “ten year rule,” it takes about ten years of hard work to become a skilled expert in a field.
Success in work is predicted more by self-discipline than by intelligence test scores.
Organizational psychologists work in part to maximize motivation and put it to use for employers.
Grit refers to a combination of desire for achievement and the ability/willingness to persist at hard work.
Click to reveal text boxes.
Implication: this topic is in the organizational psychology section, but it can apply also to hiring decisions. Employers, when hiring, should look for “grit”, that is, an applicant’s evidence of self-discipline and motivation, more than current level of expertise.
Success in careers and organizations may be caused in part by people with grit, who stick to a goal when others would have quit.

78. A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Individualism View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction
Common in the Western world…Europe, the U.S.
Collectivism View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction
Common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East

79. --------------------------------------------------
BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION
Evidence: Lateral Hypothalamus provides motivation for hunger or feeding:
Lesion Lateral Hypothalamus in a rat,
rat will lose its appetite.
Rat will experience a form of anorexia in which it will not be hungry &, therefore, will not eat.
Evidence: Ventromedial Hypothalamus as the satiety center (part of brain that signals you are full):
Lesion Ventromedial Hypothalamus, rat will not feel full.
Rat will continue to eat well beyond what is normally expected.