1. INFANCY: The development of emotional and social bonds
Chapter 6
INFANCY:
The development of emotional and social bonds

2. Emotional Development

3. The Role of Emotional Competence
Emotion: The physiological changes, subjective experiences and expressive behaviors that are involved in such feelings as love, joy, grief, and anger.

4. Emotional Development in Infancy

5. Social Referencing
An inexperienced person relies on a more experienced person’s interpretation of event to regulate subsequent behavior.

6. Functions of Emotions Help humans survive and adapt to environment
Guide and motivate human behavior
Support communication with others

7. Stages in Children’s Emotional Development
Self-regulation and interest in world
“Falling in love”
Developing intentional communication
Emergence of organized sense of self
Creating emotional ideas
Emotional thinking

8. Stability of Emotional Expression
Emotions and Cultural Norms

9. Emotional Intelligence (Goleman)
The ability to:
Motivate oneself
Persist in the face of frustrations
Control impulses
Delay gratification
Empathize, hope
Regulate one’s moods to keep distress from overwhelming one’s ability to think

10. Attachment
An affectional bond that one individual forms for another and that endures cross time and space.

11. What is the Course of Attachment?
First stage: arousal from all parts of environment
Second stage: indiscriminate attachment
Third Stage: specific attachment

12. How Do Attachments Form?
Ethological: Adaptive for survival
Learning: Mother and baby are rewarded for closeness

13. Who are the Objects of Attachment?
Mother
Father
Grandparent
Mother and another person

14. What are the Functions of Attachment?
Attachment behavioral system
Fear-wariness behavioral system
Affiliative behavioral system
Exploratory behavioral system

15. Temperament
Refers to the relatively consistent, basic disposition that underlie and modulate much of a person’s behavior.

16. Individuality in Temperament
Difficult babies
Slow-to-warm-up babies
Easy babies

18. Theories of Personality Development

19. The Psychoanalytic View (Freud)
For healthy personalities:
1. Breast-feeding
2. Prolonged period of nursing
3. Gradual weaning
4. On-demand nursing schedule
5. Delayed and patient potty training
6. Freedom from punishment

20. Erikson’s Psychosocial View
Development of basic trust in others
First social achievement: willingness to let mother move out of sight.

21. The Behavioral (Learning) View
Concerned with outward display of emotions
Rewards appropriate behaviors
Extinguishes inappropriate behaviors

22. The Cognitive View and Information Processing
How children reason and solve problems
Examine cognitive, information-processing mechanisms that link affect to thinking and behavior

23. The Ecological View:
Environmental influences contribute to development

24. Social Development

25. The Changing Demographics of Childhood
Increasing diversity of family structures
More single parents

27. The Art of Becoming Human
Case studies of severe early deprivation
Prolonged neglect, abuse, and isolation
Abandonment and emotional-social deprivation
Institutionalization and severe deprivation
Reactive Attachment Disorder

28. Early Relationships and Social Development
Maternal Responsiveness and the Strange Situation
Securely attached infants
Insecure/avoidant infants
Insecure/resistant infants
Disorganized/disoriented infants
Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety

29. Goodness of Fit
Match between characteristics of infants and their families
Good match: optimal development
Poor fit: stormy household, maladaptive functioning

30. Cultural Differences in Child Rearing
Child-rearing practices differ from one society to another
Greater contrast between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries
Quality of caregiver’s sensitivity and emotional availability is critical

31. Child Care for Infants and Toddlers

32. Parent -Infant Interaction
The mother as caretaker
The father as caretaker
Absentee fathers
Good, Better, Best?

33. Sibling-Infant Interaction
Older siblings serve as models for younger siblings
Many cultures require older siblings to care for younger siblings

34. Grandparents and Extended Family Interaction
Reasons American grandparents are caretakers:
drug abuse
child abuse
abandonment
teenage pregnancy
parent unable
death of parent
other

35. Early Child-Care Practices
Child Day-Care Centers
Multiple Mothering

36. Choosing a Child-Care Provider
Interview Caregivers
Visit the Center
Ask Questions of the Center
Check References
Check the Licensing and/or Referral Program
Choose Quality Care
Stay Involved

37. Children at Risk: Effects of Poverty
Child Neglect: The absence of adequate social, emotional and physical care
Child Abuse: The non-accidental physical attack on or injury to children by individuals caring for them

38. The Intergenerational Cycle of Violence
Signs of Abuse and Maltreatment:
Bruises?
Complaints of beatings?
Child arrives early; leaves late?
Absent or late often?
Behaviors that point to abuse?
Neglect of dress, appearance, health?
Breaking the Cycle of Violence