1. Transcription and Translation
Protein Synthesis!
Transcription and Translation

2. What you will learn today
In Transcription, DNA is copied to make a strand of RNA.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
In Translation, proteins are made from RNA.
Translation occurs in the ribosome.
Codons are 3 nucleotides that code for an amino acid, which then make proteins.
The Gene Scene:

3. Quick DNA Review
DNA Structure video:

4. DNA vs. RNA Full Name Sugar Structure Nitrogen Bases
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Ribonucleic Acid
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Structure
Double Stranded
Single Stranded
Nitrogen Bases
A, T, C, G
A, U (Uracil), C, G

5. DNA vs. RNA
Location
Outside of the nucleus (ribosome)
Nucleus
Picture

7. Transcription and Translation
DNARNAProtein

8. Central Dogma
DNA has the instructions for the order of amino acids which determines the proteins that make up the traits (including physical characteristics such as height, eye color, hair color, etc.) of any organism.

9. Step 1: Transcription
Function: A single strand of RNA is made from DNA.
DNA RNA
Location: Nucleus
The DNA is kept safe in the nucleus while the RNA is sent out into the cell to direct the building of proteins

10. Steps of Transcription
RNA polymerase (an enzyme) attaches to DNA at a special sequence that serves as a “start signal”.
The DNA strands are separated and one strand serves as a template.
The RNA bases attach to the complementary DNA template, and mRNA is made!

11. Steps of Transcription
The RNA polymerase recognizes a ‘stop’ part on the DNA molecule and releases the new mRNA molecule.
(mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.)

12. Think-Pair-Share DNA: AATCTAGATCATTA RNA:________________
Transcribe this strand of DNA into RNA (Transcription!):
DNA: AATCTAGATCATTA
RNA:________________
*Remember: There are no ‘T’s in RNA!
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

13. Step 2: Translation
Function: Pieces of RNA make amino acids, which then make proteins.
RNA Proteins
Location: Ribosome

14. Types of RNA There are different types of RNA: mRNA: messenger RNA
Carries a message (genetic code) from the nucleus to the ribosome (how to make proteins)
tRNA: transfer RNA
Transports amino acids to the ribosome
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

15. Steps of Translation mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to a ribosome.
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

16. Steps of Translation The ribosome looks for codons.
Codon: group of 3 nucleotides on the messenger RNA that specifies one amino acid.
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

17. Steps of Translation
tRNA (transfer RNA) carries Amino Acids to the mRNA.
This tRNA has an anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA strand.
Anticodon: group of 3 unpaired nucleotides on a tRNA strand.
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

19. Steps of Translation
Each amino acid is dropped off and a chain forms. When the chain is completed, it disconnects and makes a protein!
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart
Interactive animations :

20. Use these charts for translation!

22. Let’s Practice!!
The mRNA sequence reads the following codons. What amino acids do they stand for?
AUG
GGA
GAG
CAA
What amino acid does the anticodon CGU stand for?
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

23. Let’s Practice!! AUGCGACGAAUUUAA
Find the amino acid sequence for the following mRNA sequence (translation):
AUGCGACGAAUUUAA
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

24. Think-Pair-Share DNA: AATCTAGATCATTAC RNA:________________
First-- Transcribe this strand of DNA into mRNA:
DNA: AATCTAGATCATTAC
RNA:________________
*Remember: There are no ‘T’s in RNA!
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

25. DNA: AATCTAGATCATTAC RNA: UUAGAUCUAGUAAUG AA: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Second—Translate that strand of mRNA into amino acids.
DNA: AATCTAGATCATTAC
RNA: UUAGAUCUAGUAAUG
AA: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

26. DNA: AATCTAGATCATTAC RNA: UUAGAUCUAGUAAUG AA: Leu Asp Leu Val Met
Second—Translate that strand of mRNA into amino acids.
DNA: AATCTAGATCATTAC
RNA: UUAGAUCUAGUAAUG
AA: Leu Asp Leu Val Met
Press play; ask S to make T-chart to remember differences between RNA and DNA;
Press next when blinking or after students have shared some differences; add name of sugar to chart
Press next; add different base to chart
Press next; add number of strands to chart

27. Review Transcription Translation Proteins mRNA Ribosome Nucleus
Amino Acids
Ribosome