1. DNA transcribes to RNA RNA translates to protein

2. Today’s Objectives  Investigate and understand common mechanisms of protein synthesis.

3. Transcription  DNA must be copied to messenger RNA (mRNA)  mRNA goes from nucleus to the ribosomes in cytoplasm  mRNA complements known as codons  Only 3 nucleotide “letters” long  Remember RNA has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)!  Interactive Animation, CLICK HERE! Genetic Science Learning CLICK HERE!

4. Transcription Reminders  The template strand is the DNA strand being copied

5. Protein Translation  Modified genetic code is “translated” into proteins  Codon code is specific, but redundant!  20 amino acids  CLICK HERE! Interactive Concepts in Biochemistry CLICK HERE!

6. tRNA structure  3-base code (triplet) is an “anticodon”  Protein molecule  Attached amino acid that is carried from cytoplasm to ribosomes

7. Protein Synthesis Overview  Start: Ribosome binds to mRNA at start codon (AUG)  Elongation:  tRNA complexes bind to mRNA codon by forming complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon  The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the mRNA.  Amino acids are added one by one  Release: release factor binds to the stop codon  CLICK HERE! Thomson Brooks/Cole CLICK HERE!