1. Outcome of GCARD and implications for the AARINENA region:
Transforming Agricultural Research for Development
The Global Forum on Agricultural Research
Secretariat

2. GCARD: The Context and Challenges
One in six of the world’s population go hungry “a moral outrage that must be abolished” (Ismael Serageldin)
Agricultural research investment via aid has declined around the world, yet returns are clear, the incubation period 30 – 50 years
Smallholder farmers and women are last to benefit from research
Over 2 billion more people by 2050, 30% more food required, 70% of people will be in cities; food demands changing
The poor are increasingly marginalised; South Asia home to 50% of world’s undernourished children; poverty is already concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
Increasing climate vulnerability and market volatility
Fast changing land use and diminishing soil, water and biodiversity resource
Most developing countries off-track meeting the MDGs, especially MDG1 – halving hunger and poverty by 2015

3. Source: FAO, 2009

4. Smallholder farming
500 million smallholder farms worldwide supporting around 2 billion people. They:
Farm 80% of the farmland in Asia and Africa.
Produce 80% of the food consumed in the developing world
Feed 1/3 of the global population.
Women are increasingly the farmers of the developing world, producing between 45% and 80% of household food.
There are five hundred million smallholder farms worldwide supporting around two billion people, or one third of the world’s population. They:
Farm 80 % of the farmland in Asia and Africa.
Produce 80 % of the food consumed in the developing world
Feed one third of the global population.
Women are increasingly the farmers of the developing world, performing the vast majority of agricultural work and producing between 45 and 80 % of food crops. Women account for 65 per cent of household food production in Asia, per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa and 45 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean islands.
R. Cooke

5. Potential for increasing agricultural productivity
Annual total factor productivity growth, %
East/SE Asia
2.7
South Asia
1.0
East Africa
0.4
West Africa
1.6
Southern Africa
1.3
Latin America
North Africa & West Asia
1.4
All regions
2.1
Source: von Braun et al

6. The GCARD Process GCARD Conference
Millennium
Ecosystem
Assessment
Previous Regional
Research Needs
Assessments
WDR 2008
IAASTD
PRSPs
Regional Reviews
E-Consultations
Face to Face Workshops
Regional Recommendations
CGIAR Results and
Strategic Framework
GCARD
Conference
GCARD Report on Transformation of ARD
Systems
CGIAR Consortium
Programs
Draft Action Plan and Road Map
GCARD Synthesis Report and Proceedings
Roadmap

7. GCARD: a groundbreaking process of learning and change among all actors
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Active GCARD Task Force
Global & regional reviews & actions
Consultations & learning
GCARD Conference Event 7

8. GCARD – Not just a standard Conference
Truly a Global Process, Regional actions and national ownership emphasized
Collective action, but differentiated accountability
Over 800 invited participants from all sectors
Participants rated the Conference as highly successful, median score of 8/10

9. GCARD – AR4D seeks radical change to increase food security while:
Abolishing rural poverty
Meeting societal needs
Sustainably managing environmental resources
Current agricultural research systems are fragmented, incoherent and unable to deliver to the required scale of development impacts

10. Factors determining rural poverty10

11. GCARD: agricultural research centred on meeting development needs of the poor
Knowledge Flow
Policy
Processes & Networks
Markets

12. Desired development outcome
GCARD: Knowledge is essential for development, but development requires more than knowledge
Desired development outcome
Policies promoting agricultural
development & innovation

13. Collective research actions towards development outcomes
GCARD – Broadly common themes across all, but specifics determined by sovereign national priorities and commitments
All themes involve trade-offs and synergies
Need to revisit ‘fit’ of research in national development frameworks
Outcome based planning of collective AR4D requires common objectives, defined by national development policies & frameworks, e.g.:
National agricultural frameworks & FAO-CFS, GAFSP
Regional frameworks e.g. CAADP
GFAR-GPPs – partnerships for action
CGIAR-SRF

14. Two interlinked approaches of AR4D:
Collective research and knowledge sharing actions on key outcome-focused themes
Transformation and strengthening of agricultural innovation systems of developing countries

15. Why A Roadmap? A Plan setting out a way forwards for all.
Identifies how all stakeholders can play their respective roles and commit themselves to action in improving AR4D:
A consensus on systematic needs of common international importance and the solutions required to satisfy those needs;
A mechanism to look forward;
A framework to help plan and coordinate actions

16. Effective AR4D Systems commit to action for impact and:
Inclusively define key research priorities and actions, driven by evolving national, regional and global development objectives and shaped by science and society to meet our future needs;
Invest in ensuring equitable partnership and accountability among all stakeholders, addressing research in the context of agricultural innovation and developmental change;

17. Key system characteristics required...
Actively achieves increased investments in human, institutional and financial resources;
Develops required institutional capacities for generation, access and effective use of agricultural knowledge in development;

18. Key system characteristics required...
Effectively coordinate operational linkages relating research to development programmes and policies;
Demonstrate their value and gain recognition by society through involvement of stakeholders in effective monitoring, evaluation and reporting of outcomes.

19. Road Map Plan to Transform ARD Systems
Advocacy, Policy Support, Capacity Development, Collaborative Mechanisms
Revamping Old Institutions and Building New Institutions,
Extension, NARIS to NARS and Innovation Systems etc
How?
What?
GFAR, NARS
Donors, FGE
CGIAR, NGOs
Increased, improved and targeted investment in Agricultural development, research and Innovation
Who?
Transformed, Inclusive ARD Systems, related Institutions and Processes that contribute to development, especially of resource poor small holder farmers
Farmer Orgs.
ARIs,
Governments
Private Sector
Scientific
Associations
Greater, Effective Collaboration and Partnerships in ARD globally
Sharing of agriculture related information, knowledge, skills and technology increased and embedded in development process
Effective application and use of Science and Technology to meet current and emerging challenges in Agricultural Development
When (Sequence and Time)?

20. Reorientation of AR4D
Clients: small farm holders, poor producers, poor consumers, women in agriculture
Primary production level:
Sustainable intensification
Agro-ecosystem framework – resource-poor farmer realities
Integrated natural resource management
Risk management: adaptation and mitigation
Holistic: food supply chain (input sector  primary production  post-harvest/processing/marketing  markets
Cross-cutting and coordinated: knowledge based, socio-economic and policy research, capacity building, participatory

21. VALUE CHAIN APPROACH: Consumers Primary Producers Research
Input industry
Consumers
Primary
Producers
Food process industry
Food retail industry
Research
Extension service 21

22. Options for rural smallholders
Improve basic foods and staples
Cash crops: a role for promising under-utilised crops I
Integrate livestock to match rising demand
Develop private Agro-processing & marketing 22

23. Developing countries have a major gap to fill
Researchers per million people
UNESCO 2004

24. Shaping the new CGIAR
Need to refine core strategy and address fit with ‘the 96%’:
Role of CRPs in relation to national and regional policies, programmes & commitments – who owns the outcomes?
CGIAR’s role and positioning and expected partnership behaviour vis-à-vis other national, regional & international actors,
Shared responsibilities for outcomes need defining
How SRF can foster change beyond the CGIAR?
Regional Fora engagement of innovation partners in national systems around key themes
SRF currently being refined – INPUT REQUIRED

25. Evolution of Advisory Services
Roles -Building capacities, managing risk, improving market access, sustainable NRM, empowering people
New opportunities/risks – changes in market and food systems, climate change, price volatility
Partnerships- demand-driven, market led, locally adapted to farmer-private sector-research (NARES)-NGO-Govt. interactions
ICTs - Massive impact on information access and its transformation into goods and services

26. Changing the rules
Adaptive science is not a lesser science; agriculture embeds science in society & environment
Better integrate education, research and extension and recognize the new architecture internationally (eg FGEs) and nationally (e.g. private sector)
‘Publish or perish’ is not the only relevant value system
Reassess value & rewards placed on forms and types of innovation that more directly benefit the poor
Rethink research questions through the eyes of a small farmer
Examine value of research to a country’s development and the returns from different forms of research investment

27. Making the case for agricultural investment
1% p.a. increase in agriculture growth, on average leads to a 2.7% increase in income of the lowest 3 income deciles in developing countries (WDR 2007)
Agriculture is 2.5 to 3 times more effective in increasing income of the poor than is non-agriculture investment (WDR 2007)
Agriculture growth, as opposed to growth in general, is typically found to be the primary source of poverty reduction (IFPRI, 2007)
Agricultural growth the pre-cursor to overall economic growth: Europe and North America (in the early part of the 20th century), then Japan and more recently in China, India, and Vietnam
Note now talking about climate deal, not necc at Copenhagen
"I have heard representatives of both Europe and the US say that the target that China has tabled can be improved upon; I have heard representatives from Europe and China say that the target tabled by the US can be improved upon ... and I have heard least developed states say that nobody's targets are good enough at the moment," de Boer said.
UNEP/Stern research estimates that in order to have a reasonable chance, or 50 per cent probability, of avoiding a rise in global temperature of more than 2˚C, annual global emissions of greenhouse gases in 2020 need to be no more than 44 billion tonnes of carbon-dioxide-equivalent.
The analysis shows that the gap between this target and the most ambitious cuts proposed by countries over the past months and weeks is about 2 billion tonnes of carbon-dioxide-equivalent, with a range of 1 to 5 billion tonnes. If the overall target 44 billion tonnes is exceeded in 2020, it is likely to be more difficult and costly to reach the goal as much stronger action would be required in decades afterwards.
FINANCE
Developing nations have said the rich should devote far more money to helping them combat climate change and adapt to shifts such as more droughts, floods and rising seas. African nations, for instance, say $267 billion a year will be needed from 2020.
The European Union has said that developing nations will need 100 billion euros a year from About billion euros of the total will come from the public purse worldwide and the EU will provide a fair share. Many other developed nations have not made such clear offers.
The United Nations wants $10 billion a year on the table in Copenhagen to help kick-start a deal. Developed nations have yet to come up with cash.
OVERSEEING FUNDS
Delegates are considering various mechanisms to oversee funds and balance the interests of donors and recipients. Developed countries favour some World Bank supervision, and developing nations prefer the U.N. climate secretariat.
THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
Many developed nations suggest that the existing Kyoto Protocol, which binds all industrialised nations except the United States to curb emissions by 2012, could be merged with a parallel track trying to agree obligations for all nations. Developing nations say a merger would risk "killing" Kyoto since many of them do not want obligations on the same level as those imposed on developed nations.
KYOTO
Other gaps remaining in talks to extend the Kyoto Protocol:
* A base year against which to compare emissions cuts in 2020; countries have proposed these base years , 2000, 2005 and * Length of the next period of the Kyoto Protocol after the present period; countries have proposed: ; ; and followed by
* How to account for forests, which suck carbon from the air; depending on how to include forests, greenhouse gas emissions targets will look completely different.
* What new gases to include, in addition to the six greenhouse gases currently included in the Kyoto Protocol.
Whether to increase a levy on carbon markets, to raise funds to pay for adaptation to climate change in developing countries.
A beacon to guide discussions is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s finding that an aggregate emission reduction by industrialised countries of between minus 25% and 40% over 1990 levels would be required by 2020, and that global emissions would need to be reduced by at least 50% by 2050, in order to stave off the worst effects of climate change.

28. National commitment to change is essential
Aggressive advocacy for increased AR4D funding is needed
Government to provide at least 1% of total agricultural GDP for AR4D
Agriculture research investments to be doubled
Increased capital investment through public-private-partnership
Government financial commitments are essential, supported by mobilizing ODA
Requires effective M&E and documenting of successes

29. GFAR – the multistakeholder catalyst for:
Advocacy for change: Strengthen the voice and demand of society for agricultural innovation to address key development issues
Institutions for the Future: Transform agricultural research, extension and education institutions and systems to better meet development needs
Inter-regional learning: Equitable partnerships catalysing rapid and efficient change through collective actions
Knowledge for All: Empower change by overcoming the barriers to knowledge flow and use
G8 Statement on Food Security 2009:
“We support the fundamental reform processes underway in the global agricultural research system through the Global Forum on Agricultural Research"

30. Breaking down the walls
Outcome-centred, not technology-centred thinking
Innovative knowledge access & transformation systems
Stakeholders learning & innovating together, managing benefits & risks
Institutional reorientation & changed attitudes/values
Convergence of policies and resources
joedale.typepad

31. Over to You Together we can bring real change...
You have tremendous capability to transform AR4D in the WANA region
GFAR provides the open, inclusive Mechanism to enable this transformation and GCARD the Process
Together we can bring real change...

32. Thank You