1. Enzymes: The Most Overlooked Link to Brain Health and Learning
Codie-lyn Kahler, BS
Young Living Essential Oil Educator
Enzymes: The Most Overlooked Link to Brain Health and Learning

2. Obligatory Disclaimer
The information shared today is intended for education purposes only. It has not been evaluated by the FDA and is not provided in order to diagnose, prescribe, or treat any disease, illness, or injured condition of the body. Anyone suffering from any disease, illness or injury should consult with a physician or medical professional.
However, that being said scientific research has established a correlation between nutrition and many disease conditions.
We also highly encourage, as we have done, to become educated consumers and research all products used in, on or around your body.
Information on the oils mentioned in this presentation was obtained from the Essential Oils Desk Reference 5th Edition published by Life Science Publishing.

3. What are enzymes?
Enzymes are natural chemical compounds that orchestrate other chemical functions.
They are proteins made up of amino acids produced by living organisms
They are NOT “alive” nor are they living cells
Without enzymes life would cease to exist!
Enzymes are the catalysts of biochemical reactions, the formation, breakdown and rearranging of molecules to provide us with the energy and materials needed to live and function. Without enzymes, digestion of food in our body would occur to slow for proper metabolism and our food would stay in the digestive tract and ferment. This would cause bloating, gas and pain.
Energy exists in the food that we eat, but it must be unlocked and broken down before the cells in our body can absorb that energy. A random chemical process could take years to break down.
When an enzyme is inactive it is not acting on, catalyzing or digesting anything. This may be due to a lack of water, an incompatible temperature or an incompatible pH (acid/alkaline range).
When exposed to high temperature or pH extremes, they may become denatured. The enzyme loses all activity and can no longer serve as a catalyst under any condition. They work only in “optimal pH” and “optimal temperature”.
It is appears that an enzyme is a collapsed protein. By some miracle, a sequemce of amino aids (a proctein) collapses in on itself and as a result an “active site” is created.

4. “Most diseases known to man are the result of an enzyme imbalance.”
Tom Bohager
“Enzymes: What the experts know”

5. Enzymes are Essential To Life
Every daily biochemical function in the body needs enzymes
They facilitate the building of compounds from the body’s raw materials
Transports elements throughout the body
Breaks down food for body simulation quickly
Eliminates many toxins and chemical waste in the body
You can’t blink an eye without an enzyme
Replenish and preserve pools of systemic enzymes that perform countless metabolic functions in the body. Over 5000 known enzymes, but current study suggest thousands and maybe millions of more unknown enzymes that the body uses daily to function properly.
In digestion enzymes break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates to avoid fermentation in the gut.
They facilitate chemical reactions in the body very quickly.
Without enzymes some metabolic processes would happen very slowly or not at all.
Foods are made of chemical elements that require enzymes to prepare them to be used by the body. They deliver the nutrients from the food to the body. Enzymes in live food and enzymes from the storage in your mother gave you are essential to make use the vitamins, minerals and other nutrients that are in the food.
Enzymes need minerals and vitamins to function

6. There are 3 kinds of Enzymes
Digestive Enzymes: breaks down proteins, fats and carbohydrates
Food Enzymes: cells and enzymes in plants are similar to those in both humans and animals
Metabolic Enzymes: produced within the body that is not utilized for digestion
Enzymes bread down proteins, fats and carbohydrates in their simplest components; amino acids, essential fats and sugars.
An example is an apple growing on a tree. Once the apple is picked the enzymes that were responsible for the cellular biochemical reactions necessary for the growth of the apple will now be used to help your body to digest it. If you don’t eat the apple then the enzymes inside the apple will start to digest itself.
The body now has the help from the apple itself to digest it. If it would have been cooked or processed then more enzymes from the body would be needed to digest the apple.

7. Digestive Enzymes Proteases breaks down proteins.
Lipases break down lipids or fats.
Amylases break down carbohydrates.
Cellulases (technically a form of amylase) break down cellulose.
Each enzyme has a specific job and can do nothing other than what it was designed by God to do. Proteins are made up of thousands of amino acids all bound together. The enzyme protease is designed to alter the protein by breaking down certain links or bonds in the chain, but each link requires one protease enzyme and a second one is required to continue the job until it is no longer a protein and so on…
Problems in digestion occur when there is not enough enzymes or no enzymes at all to break down our food
This process is called digestion when it is performed in the digestive tract and the enzymes performing the function are called digestive enzymes. You need to take the right enzyme for the right food. It is like having the correct key for the lock. The enzyme is the key and the companion is the substrate, also referred to as the lock, which is the substance that orchestrates the enzyme being accepted.
Magnesium orchestrates over 300 enzyme functions in the body, many related to the cardiovascular system.
Cellulase is the only enzyme our body does not have the ability to manufacture.
It is important to understand that within these categories there are thousands of enzymes.

8. Food Enzymes
Introduced to the body through the RAW FOOD that we eat. Raw food only manifests enough enzymes to digest that particular food. Does NOT contain enough enzymes to be stored in the body for later use! COOKING (over 110 degrees)AND PROCESSING OF FOOD DESTROYS ALL OF THE FOOD’S ENZYMES
Enzymes also assist in the extraction of vitamins and minerals. The beneficial nutrients are delivered to the trillions of cells throughout the body, while those that are not essential or escorted out of the body. Many toxic chemicals are stored in fat cells since exiting the body may be blocked in the colon and going through the liver may compromise the ability of the liver to function through out the length of the body’s life.
Without digestive enzymes eventually we would die of malnutrition or complications from inflammation. Inflammation is recognized by the AMA as the cause of all sickness and disease.

9. Metabolic Enzymes
Any enzyme produced within the body that is not utilized for digestion.
They have been called the “spark, energy, or vitality” of life.
Without these enzymes we would not be able to hear, feel, THINK, walk, talk, breath or LIVE.
They make biochemical reactions possible within the cells for detoxification and energy production.
All Living cells produce metabolic enzymes, although the pancreas, liver and gallbladder play a vital role in determining the amount of metobolic enzymes.
Enzymes play a major role in every metabolic process in the body from glandular function and support, hormone production, and toxic waste disposal.

10. Enzyme Destruction Temperatures over 120 degrees Food processing
Microwave
Radiation
Disrupted bond in amino chains
Amino acids (enzymes) have a particular folding pattern which gives it a specific structural behavior and function. In some cases the sulfur atom in an amino acid is one part of the chain that will bond with sulfur atom in another part of the chain creating a disrupted bond.
When a bond is disrupted in the enzyme it most often loses its ability to function. The enzyme becomes inactive or destroyed.

11. Digestive Process Begins in the mouth.
Three different types of amylase are secreted to digest carbohydrates.
The act of chewing mixes the food with the enzymes.
Continued digestion of carbs in the upper stomach 30 to 40 minutes.
Food enters lower stomach.
The digestive process would not be possible without these catalysts with biological activity. This energy from the biological process is what enables the enzymes to break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates into their simplest components; amino acids, essential fats and sugars. Enzymes also assist in the extraction of vitamins and minerals. The beneficial components are delivered to the trillions of cells throughout the body, while those that are not essential or toxic are carried out of the body. Without enzymes to carry out this process, we would all die of malnutrition.
The act of chewing breaks down and grinds the food into smaller pieces to be swallowed. The different type of amylase enzymes begin in the mouth and immediately starts working on carbohydrates. When swallowed the food travels down the esophagus to the mouth.
There are 2 portions of the stomach. The cardiac, or upper portion. This is where the majority of the carbohydrate digestion occurs due to amylase and saliva that was mixed with the food. ONLY the foods that have not been cooked or processed are partially digested in this part of the stomach. Raw foods contain the enzymes that nature provides to break down the proteins, fats and carbohydrates contained in that particular food.
WHEN we cook and process food, we denature the enzymes naturally occurring in the living organism; then they are no longer of assistance in the digestive process.
The food enters the lower stomach, the pyloric. This is where pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCL) are secreted for protein digestion. The amount of protein consumed and the efficiency of the individual’s digestive system will dictate the length of time the food remains in this portion of the stomach (typically about 2 hours). The combined activity of HCL, pepsin, and muscular movement result in a thoroughly mixed, watery solution called chyme, which then leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and enters the small intestine.

12. The Intestines
Chyme enters the duodenum, a section of small intestine.
Lipase from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder assist in fat digestion.
Additional enzymes are added to finish digestion supplied by the pancreas.
Enters large intestine home to good bacteria.
A byproduct of their metabolism is some vitamins that we need.

13. GUT FLORA: Essential Flora
Digestive system, skin, eyes, respiratory and excretory organs are happily coexisting with trillions of invisible lodgers.
Our ecosystem revolves around macro- and micro-life; we can not live without the other.
Average adult carries 1.5-2kg of bacteria in gut.
Indigenous friendly bacteria: bifidobacteria, lactobacteria, propionobacteria, physiological strains of E.coli, peptostreptococci, and Enterococci.
All Diseases Begin in the Gut (Hippocrates, BC)
The Human body is like a planet inhabited by huge numbers of various micro-creatures. Our digestive system carries largest colony of microbes. Highly organized micro-world with certain species predominating and controlling others. The number of functions they fulfil in our bodies are so vital to us, that if our gut got sterilised, we would probably not survive!
There are 500 various species of various microbes known to science so far which can be found in the human gut. They are tightly controlled by beneficial flora. Each of these microbes is capable of causing various health prob

14. OPPORTUNISTIC FLORA Large group of various microbes
A few examples: bacteriods, staphylococci, streptococci, bacilli, clostridia, yeasts and many others
500 various species of microbes known to science so far found in the human gut
Transitional flora are microbes which we daily swallow with food and drink
Beneficial bacteria control these opportunistic flora
Various microbes are limited and tightly controlled by essential or beneficial flora.

15. GUT WALL IS THE KEY
“If beneficial bacteria in the gut are damaged and are not functioning as they should, then the “walls of the city” are not protected very well…the gut wall is open to invasion by anything that comes along: a virus from vaccination or the environment, a ubiquitous fungus such as Candida albicans, various bacteria and parasites and toxic substances, all of which are very capable of damaging our digestive system and causing a chronic inflammation in the walls.” Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride “Gut and Psychology Syndrome”
To make the situation even worse, without well-functioning gut flora the wall not only becomes unprotected, but also malnourished. Normal gut flora provides a major source of energy and nourishment for the cells which are lining the digestive tract.
Nourishment of the body is dependent completely on the ability of the digestive system to digest and absorb food. This is not possible without well-balanced gut flora.

16. WHAT CAN DAMAGE GUT FLORA
ANTIBIOTICS:
Change bacteria, viruses and fungi from benign to pathogenic, giving them ability to invade tissues and cause disease
Make bacteria resistant to antibiotics
Direct damaging effect on immune system.
OTHER FACTORS:
Physical exertion, old age, alcoholism, pollution, toxic chemicals, radiation, seasonal factors, extreme climate
It appears to be that the character of our individual opportunistic flora may determine what disease we succumb to. Needs more research. The connection between the gut and body, gut and brain has not been scientifically explored yet.
But is seems that we carry most of our future health problems in our gut from birth.

17. Malabsorption Malabsorption is caused from: Prolapsed bowel
Spastic bowel
Twisted bowel
Lack of water
Acidic pH level of body tissues and organs
Insufficient or total lack of enzymes
Compromised Gut Wall
We think that our bodies get plenty of nourishment, but we suffer malnutrition because of insufficient or excess intake of food.
A normal pH level in humans of all tissues and organs (except the stomach) is slightly alkaline. All food, except fruits and vegetables are acidic. The body must maintain a critical slightly alkaline pH level in the blood or we will die, but it can sacrifice the pH level in the digestive tract to maintain a critical organ.
If our blood becomes too acidic, it will take some of the alkaline-forming elements from the enzymes in the small intestine to stay balanced. The small intestine then becomes too acidic to digest foods optimally. The pancreas, gallbladder and liver are then forced to make up for this deficiency in order to metabolize food properly. This has a direct bearing on metabolic enzymes production, which results in lowered immune function, fatigue, hormonal imbalances, absorption and digestive problems and many other numerous problems.
Calcium start leaching from the bones, since it is the most alkaline of the minerals. This occurs when the body struggles to maintain the homeostasis of the blood pH. This condition can lead to reduced absorption of supplemental minerals and bone density problems including osteroporosis.
Insulin levels increase and fat is stored instead of being metabolized. This is due to the body’s mimicking what happens when malnutrition or starvation sets in. Interestingly, the body increases in acidity when malnourished as a safety mechanism, insulin is over-produced, so that all available calories are stored as fat for future use. As a result, weight gain is common and weight loss becomes more difficult.
Electrolyte imbalances occur which have a direct bearing on the “fluid transport system.” (The lymphatic system) Electrolytes are important since they maintain the electrical voltage existing around all cells, especially critical around the cells of the heart, nervous system, and muscles.
Some symptoms of pH imbalance is acid reflux, indigestion, weight gain, difficulty losing weight, poor metabolism, mineral deficiencies, constipation, fatigue, brain fog, frequent urination, hypoglycemia, hormonal imbalances, sore muscles, and many more.
GENERALLY SPEAKING, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES ARE MORE ALKALINE-FORMING, WHILE MEATS, SUGAR, CAFFEINE, BEANS, DAIRY AND GRAINS ARE MORE ACID FORMING.
The best way test whether the body is maintaining a proper pH balance is through the urine. This is the most accurate way to test the pH of the blood. The kidneys are the organ responsible to balance the pH of the blood. If we become to acidic our kidneys can will eliminate and remove acid through the urine.
Optimal testing should be done throughout a 24 hour period and then the average calculated. The optimal urine pH is between 6 and 7. Below 6, you are too acidic and above 7 you are too alkaine.
Testing saliva is a good indication of mineral reserves for alkalinity in the body. If it tests acid then this reveals a mineral deficiency based on the dietary intake of alkaline food.

18. Digestion and Liver Synthesize proteins.
Synthesize, store and process fats.
Metabolize and store carbohydrates.
Form and secrete bile.
Eliminate biochemicals produced by the body.
Detoxify the system of drugs, alcohol and environmental toxins.

19. Digestion and the Colon
Large Intestine
Garbage can of the body
Bacteria invade vegetable foods and help disintegrate them
Undigested protein cause damage to the body
Walls of colon will reabsorb poisonous excrement back in the system
Port from colon leads directly to brain
Also known as the large intestine; comes after and is wider than the small intestine; great sewer of the body machine.
If the colon is clogged and proper elimination does not take place, the whole body is poisoned.
Bacteria invade vegetable foods and help disintegrate them.
Undigested protein – especially meat protein – undergoes putrefaction, releasing toxins.
Toxins not neutralized by the liver or counteracted by bacteria in colon can cause damage to the body.
Walls of colon contain tiny absorbent channels which have a tendency to reabsorb the foul, putrefying poisonous excrement back into the system.

20. Colon Polyps and Colon Cancer
Polyps are fleshy growths that occur along the inside of the lining of the colon, also known as the large intestine.
Estimated that 50% of people over 60 will have at least one polyp.
Colon cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in the U.S.
Adenomas, polyps that become cancerous account for 75% of all polyps.

21. After Digestion Enzymes break down
Pass into blood stream as amino acids
Are used as building blocks in the body
They make there way back to the liver and pancreas and are used again
Protease, amylase and other enzymes will enter the bloodstream to clean out foreign materials like free radicals, and potential allergens that create gluten intolerance, and other allergies, reducing inflammation and the removal of waste.

22. Plant Enzymes
protease, peptidase, lipase, amylase, glucoamylase, alpha-galactosidase, cellulase, hemicellulase, invertase, malt diastase, lactase, pectinase and phytase.
Affected by pH differential throughout digestion
Work through stomach acids (research by Beazall 1941, Graham 1977, Griffin 1989)
Reactivates in small intestines
Plant and microbial sources have a wider range of pH from 2-12.
Not every enzyme has equal potential in all ranges in all people. Plant enzymes are specific in their action as they breakdown, they have a n affinity to go after sick, dead and dying tissue like in cancer. The attack the protein shell of invaders in body system.

23. Animal Enzymes
Protease, lypase, amylase, pancreatin, trypsin, chymotrypsin
Break down protein toxins
Work only in the alkaline environment of the upper stomach
Pepsin is active in the acid of the lower stomach, but not in the small intestine
Enzymes are affected by the pH deferential throughout the different phases of digestion.
Plant enzymes work in the higher pH of the upper stomach and continue to be active throughout the acid of the lower stomach, then pass into the small intestine which is alkaline where it is reactivated and continues to work. Enzymes are not destroyed by stomach acids
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid are secreted and enters the lower portion of the stomach for protein digestion.
Protein enzymes from animal sources only work in the stomach. It is not active in the small intestine. The moral of the story?....chew, chew your protein good!

24. Microbial Enzymes
The enzymes secreted by invader microbes in the body are called mycotoxins and are poisonous to humans
Manufactured by the food and drug industry for food additives, medicines, cleaning products and other sources
An example is fungi mycotoxins used in chemotherapy and grown in labs for the food and drug industry

25. Enzyme Supplements Necessary because American soil is mostly barren
Grains harvested before enzymes can develop in seeds
Processed and cooked foods void of enzymes
Children born to mothers with limited store of enzymes in body
Due to the policy of dumping and spraying large amounts of pesticides on our soil and becoming a monoculture in growing huge acres of one crop, we have 0 to very little beneficial good bacteria and worms that can create the enzymes necessary for plant growth. Top soil is barely 6-12 inches. The whole ecological system in America is perishing. Once potatoes numbered in the 7000 species and now we have about 5. Our grains are GMO’s. We are in big trouble.
Problems started when developing in mother. Did she eat good, live, raw, organic fruits and vegetables. Were you nursed? Amylase is not produced by baby comes from mother’s milk. Most formulas are deficient in natural enzymes sources used are usually cheap and processed wrong and synthetic.

26. Life Without Enzymes Yeast Infections
Leaky Gut Syndrome, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Celiac’s Disease
Brain fog, dementia, Alzheimer’s, Autism, ADD/ADHD
Rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson’s
Hypoglycemia, depression, allergies, fibromyalgia, gluten intolerance, eczema, hives, rashes, red face, hyperactivity
Chemical senstivties
Head ach, head banging, difficulty in sleeping, aggression
Most of these symptoms have been thought to be the result of high phenol foods, apples, peanuts, bananas, organges, cocoa, red grapes colored fruits and milk.

27. Phenol sulphotransferase: The PST Enzyme
Prevents removal of catecholamines
Production of neurotransmitters
Pathway for detoxification of xenobiotics
Important for detoxification of chemical build up in colon
Diets high in bad fat can alter PST activity
Diets high in good fat improved allergenic reaction causing asthma attacks
A catecholamine (CA) is an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups) and a side-chain amine.[1]
A catechol is a 1,2-dihydroxybenzene group. Catecholamines derive[ambiguous] from the amino acid tyrosine.[2] Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50%-bound to plasma proteins, so they circulate in the bloodstream.
In the human body, the most abundant catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine, all of which are produced from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands is part of the fight-or-flight response.[3]
Tyrosine is created from phenylalanine by hydroxylation by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Tyrosine is also ingested directly from dietary protein. It is then sent to catecholamine-secreting neurons. Here, several reactions serially convert tyrosine to L-DOPA, to dopamine, to norepinephrine, and eventually to epinephrine.[4]
A xenobiotic is a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Specifically, drugs such as antibiotics are xenobiotics in humans because the human body does not produce them itself, nor are they part of a normal diet.
Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up by another organism, such as the uptake of natural human hormones by fish found downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls, or the chemical defenses produced by some organisms as protection against predators.
However, the term xenobiotics is very often used in the context of pollutants such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and their effect on the biota, because xenobiotics are understood as substances foreign to an entire biological system, i.e. artificial substances, which did not exist in nature before their synthesis by humans. The term xenobiotic is derived from the Greek words ξένος (xenos) = foreigner, stranger and βίος (bios, vios) = life, plus the Greek suffix for adjectives -τικός, -ή, -ό (tic).
Xenobiotic substances are becoming an increasingly large problem in Sewage Treatment systems, since they are relatively new substances and are very difficult to categorize. Antibiotics, for example, were derived from plants originally, and so mimic naturally occurring substances. This, along with the natural monopoly nature of municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants makes it nearly impossible to remove this new pollutant load.
Some xenobiotics are resistant to degradation. For example, they may be synthetic organochlorides such as plastics and pesticides, or naturally occurring organic chemicals such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some fractions of crude oil and coal. However, it is believed that microorganisms are capable of degrading almost all the different complex and resistant xenobiotics found on the earth.[3] Many xenobiotics produce a variety of biological effects, which is used when they are characterized using bioassay.
Sulphate catalysed by Phenol sulphotransferase, PST Enzyme, is very important in preventing removal of catcholamines
Neurotransmitters like epinephine and dopamine

28. Probable PST Dysfunction
Synthetic chemicals are potent inhibitors of human liver enzymes. They are found in:
Processed and Fast Food
Toys
Clothing
Personal care products
Water and Air
A catecholamine (CA) is an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups) and a side-chain amine.[1]
A catechol is a 1,2-dihydroxybenzene group. Catecholamines derive[ambiguous] from the amino acid tyrosine.[2] Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50%-bound to plasma proteins, so they circulate in the bloodstream.
In the human body, the most abundant catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine, all of which are produced from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands is part of the fight-or-flight response.[3]
Tyrosine is created from phenylalanine by hydroxylation by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Tyrosine is also ingested directly from dietary protein. It is then sent to catecholamine-secreting neurons. Here, several reactions serially convert tyrosine to L-DOPA, to dopamine, to norepinephrine, and eventually to epinephrine.[4]
Ethinyl Estradiol - Compound Summary (CID 5991)
Also known as: Ethynylestradiol, Ethinyloestradiol, Ethynyl estradiol, Ginestrene, Progynon C, Amenoron, Dyloform, Estorals, Ethinoral
Molecular Formula: C20H24O2   Molecular Weight:    InChIKey: BFPYWIDHMRZLRN-SLHNCBLASA-N
A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.   From: MeSH
Dopamine plays a major role in the brain system that is responsible for reward-driven learning. Every type of reward that has been studied increases the level of dopamine transmission in the brain, and a variety of highly addictive drugs, including stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine, act directly on the dopamine system.[1] There is evidence that people with extraverted (reward-seeking) personality types tend to show higher levels of dopamine activity than people with introverted personalities. Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system. Parkinson's disease, an age-related degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra. Schizophrenia has been shown to involve elevated levels of dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and decreased levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.[2][3] Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is also believed to be associated with decreased dopamine activity.[4]
In the Brain
Dopamine has many functions in the brain, including important roles in behavior and cognition, voluntary movement, motivation, punishment and reward, inhibition of prolactin production (involved in lactation and sexual gratification), sleep, mood, attention, working memory, and learning. Dopaminergic neurons (i.e., neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is dopamine) are present chiefly in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
It has been hypothesized that dopamine transmits reward prediction error, although this has been questioned.[11] According to this hypothesis, the phasic responses of dopamine neurons are observed when an unexpected reward is presented. These responses transfer to the onset of a conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with the reward. Further, dopamine neurons are depressed when the expected reward is omitted. Thus, dopamine neurons seem to encode the prediction error of rewarding outcomes. In nature, we learn to repeat behaviors that lead to maximizing rewards. Dopamine is therefore believed to provide a teaching signal to parts of the brain responsible for acquiring new behavior. Temporal difference learning provides a computational model describing how the prediction error of dopamine neurons is used as a teaching signal.[citation needed]
The reward system in insects uses octopamine, which is the presumed arthropod homolog of norepinephrine,[12] rather than dopamine. In insects, dopamine acts instead as a punishment signal and is necessary to form aversive memories.[13][14]
Dopamine pathways. In the brain, dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of reward and movement. As part of the reward pathway, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cell bodies located within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. Its motor functions are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the substantia nigra that manufacture and release dopamine into the striatum.
Maternal exposure to 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol alters embryonic development of GnRH-1 neurons in mouse
To evaluate the potentially disrupting effects of environmental estrogens on neuroendocrine networks controlling reproduction, we studied the impact of the pharmaceutical product 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-1) neuron development in mouse embryo. Pregnant mice were treated per os with EE2 at 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μg/kg/day, between embryonic days 10.5 (E10.5) and E13.5, a period during which GnRH-1 neurons are generated and start their intra-nasal migration. Embryos at E13.5 were examined and processed for GnRH-1 immunohistochemistry. Immunopositive neurons were counted all along their migratory path. A short oral administration of environmentally relevant doses of EE2 to pregnant mice had a significant impact on whole embryo development, leading to a limited but significant growth retardation. The total number of GnRH-1 neurons was statistically significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The repartition of GnRH-1 neurons along their migratory path was not affected by EE2 treatment. These results suggest an impact of environmental EE2 concentrations on embryonic GnRH-1 development through a modulation of neurogenesis and/or apoptosis.

29. Autism
High GI inflammation and dysfunction in both upper and lower GI tract
Decreased enzyme activities
Treatment of digestive problems had a positive effect on autistic behavior
Usually have food allergies and sensitivities to phenolic foods
Deficiency in a key detoxification pathway
Autistic children have a deficiency in a key detoxification pathway according to Dr. Rosemary Waering’s research

30. Sulfur Deficiency Link
Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules
Autistic Children tested as much as 15% low in sulfur
A report from McFadden in 1996 stated that a large number of adults cannot metabolize sulfur.
Both have trouble with allergies, environmental chemical and sensitivity to smells
Acording to research by O’Reilly and Waering, autistic children are very low in sulfur, as much as 15%.
Both autistic children and adults with low sulfur have trouble handling environmental chemicals, overly sensitive to essential oils, medications, some can be allergic to some of the chemicals produced by their own body.
Sulfur is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. Sulfur in organic form is present in the vitamins biotin and thiamine, the latter being named for the Greek word for sulfur. Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin. Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned.

31. Phenol
the parent compound, used as an disinfectant and for chemical synthesis
Bisphenol A
and other bisphenols produced from ketones and phenol / cresol
BHT
(butylated hydroxytoluene) - a fat-soluble antioxidant and food additive
Capsaicin
the pungent compound of chili peppers
Cresol
found in coal tar and creosote
Estradiol
estrogen - hormones
Eugenol
the main constituent of the essential oil of clove
Gallic acid
found in galls
Guaiacol
(2-methoxyphenol) - has a smokey flavor, and is found in roasted coffee, whisky, and smoke
4-Nonylphenol
a breakdown product of detergents and nonoxynol-9
Orthophenyl phenol
a fungicide used for waxing citrus fruits
Picric acid
(trinitrophenol) - an explosive material
Phenolphthalein
pH indicator
Polyphenol
e.g. flavonoids and tannins
Propofol
an anesthetic
Raspberry ketone
a compound with an intense raspberry smell
Serotonin / dopamine / adrenaline / noradrenaline
natural neurotransmitters
Thymol
(2-Isopropyl-5-methyl phenol) - an antiseptic that is used in mouthwashes
Tyrosine
an amino acid
Xylenol
used in antiseptics & disinfecticides

32. Phenolic sensitivity The PST enzyme pathway is blocked by:
Food additives, flavoring, and coloring, dyes, BH, BHT, and TBHQ block PST enzyme and pancreatic secretions
Synthetic phenolic medication acts like anti-inflammatory steroidal drugs
CAUSES INABILITY TO METABOLIZE SULFUR compounds in humans, known as sulfate ions.
Candy flavoring a source of salicylate poisoning
Aspirin metabolite causes focal hemorrhage and cell death in rats
Xenoestorgen in diet and environment causes endocrine disruption.
People low in PST or low sultate have problems handling environmental chemicals, some phenolic medications, even their own body chemicals. Some are even intolerant to pure therapeutic grade essential oils.

33. Phenols are Necessary Part of Life
All foods contain some phenolic compounds, especially fruits and vegetables
Phenols are high in antioxidants (fight free radical damage to cells in body)
They preserve foods in their natural state by protecting them from pathogens
They take an active part in the germination and growth of seeds and attract flower pollinators
They are powerful detoxifiers
Example of natural phenols
Food allergies have increased with the added load of vaccine shots given to infants before 2 years of age

34. NEUTRALISATION
1979 Dr. Robert Gardner discovered that just a few drops of small water dilutions of pure phenolic compounds would completely neutralize reaction to foods.
Pure therapeutic-grade essential oils contain hundreds, maybe thousands, of pure phenolic compounds.
The neutralizing dose is given as drops under the tongue

35. ESSENTIAL OILS HIGH IN PHENOLS
WINTERGREEN 97%
ANISE 90%
CLOVE 77%
BASIL 76%
TARRAGON 75%
FENNEL 72%
OREGANO 70%
THYME 50%

36. What can Enzymes do? Clean arteries of plaque Empty stomach Digest fat
Support the cardiovascular system
Support the body’s inflammatory process
Enhances circulation
Maintain healthy weight
Support the body in response to allergens
Support the body in cleansing colon and liver
Undigested proteins, meats starches, sugars and carboydrates will ferment fats and fats will turn rancid. Fermented food create a host for disease and toxins. Candida will flourish in gut. Toxins from gut go straight through a portal into brain.

37. Good Enzyme Ingredients
Essential Oils help body with enzyme production; anise, fennel, ginger, and peppermint to stimulate digestive enzymes, relax the linings of the intestines, making it easier for gas to escape.
Bromelain– Isolated from the stem of the pineapple plant.
Bee Pollen– natural amylase.
Amylase – Digests carbohydrates.
Trace Minerals– Improve enzyme action.
Mainly plant based enzymes

38. EssentialZyme Enzymes
help digest toxic waste and gasses resulting from metabolism
help utilize vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in foods.
Break down of proteins and processed foods which otherwise might ferment and putrefy.
Ingredients: pancrelipase, trypsin, carrot powder, alfalfa pancreatin 4X, papain, bromelain, betaine HCL, cumin seed
Essential oils of tarragon, peppermint, anise, fennel and clove.
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39. Kid Scents: MIGHTYZYMES
CONTAINS 9 DIFFERENT DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
AID IN RELIEF OF OCCASIONAL SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FULLNESS, PRESSURE, BLOATING, GAS, PAIN, OR MINOR CRAMPING THAT MAY OCCUR AFTER EATING.
TAKE ONE TABLET CHEW 1 TABLET THREE TIMES DAILY PRIOR TO OR WITH MEALS.

40. Sulfurzyme
Formulated by D. Gary Young to support the PST enzyme that is missing the sulfur ion in the structure.
Ingredients: Proprietary Sulfurzyme Blend: MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) NingXia Wolfberry (lycium barbarum) fruit. Gelatin, rice flour, magnesium stearate, and silica.
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41. Detoxzyme
combines a myriad of powerful enzymes that complete digestion, help detoxify, and promote cleansing.
The ingredients in Detoxzyme also work with the body to support normal function of the digestive system, which is essential for maintaining and building health.
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42. “If you want to stay healthy, you need to support the body’s mechanism for producing and conserving enzyme production” - Tom Bohager “Enzymes: What the Experts Know”

43. “All Diseases Begin in the Gut”
Hippocrates, BC

44. Growing Healthy Homes & Young Living Essential Oils Booth 511 - 513
For More Information please stop by the Growing Healthy Homes booth