1. Social Studies 9 Ms. Rebecca
World War I
Social Studies 9
Ms. Rebecca

2. Quiz! 1. What was Gandhi’s main goal for India?
2. What was Gandhi’s main goal for South Africa?
3. What is one example of how Indians were being treated unfairly by the British?
4. What types of methods did Gandhi support to try to get change in India?
5. Give 2 examples of something Gandhi did to try to help the people of India to have better lives? Include as much detail as possible.

3. Gandhi and civil rights
Civil rights: the equal rights that every person has in a society regardless of race, religion, language, culture, and background.
Example:
The right to not be bullied
The right to practice any religion you want
The right to be able to have a nice home
The right to speak in public about what you want to
The right to meet with your friends and talk about what you want.
The right to go to school
The right to do whatever job you want to do
The right to vote for and make decisions in government of your own country
Etc.

4. What civil rights did Indians NOT have under British rule?
No freedom of speech
No freedom from bullying/attack
No freedom to meet in public
No freedom to vote for your own government.

5. How did Gandhi help to get more civil rights for Indians?
Non-Violence!
Salt March
Burning identification passes in South Africa
Burning British made clothes
Boycotting all foreign goods
Having a national day of prayer and fasting where no work was done for the British empire………….

6. Why is Gandhi important to know about?
He has inspired people all over the world to fight for their own civil rights to make this planet a better place to live in for all different types of people.

7. Example: Civil Rights In America
African Americans

8. History: How did they get to America?

9. Brought from Africa

10. Treatment as slaves

11. After Slavery ended….

12. Racism continues

13. Segregation

14. Segregation

15. Segregation

16. Results: African Americans need a change!
Just like Indians needed a change.

17. Non-violence resistance
Martin Luther King Jr.

18. Lunch counter sit-ins

19. Boycotts of busses

20. Marches on government

21. Finally: an end to segregation

22. We shall overcome!

23. Question:
1. How did Gandhi’s civil rights movement inspire the African American civil rights movement?
2. What are the goals of ALL civil rights movements?

24. Review of Imperialism

25. Imperialism Reflection
What is Imperialism?
Do you think imperialism still happens today?
How do you think imperialism is different today than it was in places like India when the British were in charge of the country?

26. How is imperialism bad? Destroys local culture
Treats local people poorly
Starts fighting within the local people

27. How is imperialism good?
Brings money in sometimes.
In India:
Better for international business (learned English)
Safer conditions for wives (no more wife burning), built railroads, more convenient, set up government……
Easier to get supplies from Great Britain

28. New Imperialism

29. How is imperialism bad? Think about the Scramble for Africa.
Do you think that some countries may have been jealous if they didn’t have as many colonies as France in Africa?
How might this lead to bad feelings between different European countries?

30. Imperialism
Is one of the MAIN reasons why war broke out between European countries in the First World War!
Our next unit! Hooraaaaaaaaaaaaay!

31. World War 1 Review

32. Causes of WWI A. Imperialism
1. Strong countries conquered smaller weaker countries (colonies)
2. European countries – Asia and Africa
3. European countries competed for colonies. This made them not like each other

33. World War I
Nationalism was one of the main causes of World War 1 in 1914.

34. B. Nationalism 1. Definition: To love your country or culture
2. Example: Europeans thought they were the best and wanted to fight a war to prove it.

35. Nationalism What is Nationalism?
How does nationalism make people more willing to fight for their country?

36. C. Arms Race 1. Each country wanted to have the biggest military.
2. More weapons make countries want to fight a war.

37. D. Alliances
Alliances: agreement between countries saying that the people of one nation would help the people of an allied nation if they needed it.
This meant that more countries were willing to take risks because they knew they had support from their allies.

38. E. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
THE FINAL thing that led to war!
1. Assassination is the killing of an important person
2. The archduke was the next king
3. Austria Hungary controlled land in the Balkans, including a country called Serbia. Serbia wanted their land back!

39. Austria acts like a jerk to Serbia!
Austrians decide to have a parade in Serbia celebrating that Austria taking over.
The parade is on the day of a Serbian holiday.
This is VERY disrespectful to Serbia.

40. So…… Serbians get angry and:
A Serbian man shoots the Archduke Franz Ferdinand while he is riding in a parade car.

41. Austria Hungary is really mad
They declare war on Serbia

42. The Balkans

43. Summary Main causes of WWI
Arms Race: People try to show how strong they are with weapons (machine gun, ships, submarine)
Imperialism: People take over other countries. They fight for land and colonizing. Ex: Indians got upset: war
Nationalism: To love you your country. You DON’T love other countries. If my country is right, everyone else is wrong. My country is the best
Alliances: Friendship between countries. War gets bigger because countries that are friends fight for each other EVEN if they weren’t part of the first fight.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: When a Serbian man killed the prince of Austria Hungary.

44. Causes of WWI poster
Today you will make a poster about ONE of the causes of WWI
1. Arms Race: People try to show how strong they are with weapons (machine gun, ships, submarine)
2. Imperialism: People take over other countries. They fight for land and colonizing. Ex: Indians got upset: war
3. Nationalism: To love you your country. You DON’T love other countries. If my country is right, everyone else is wrong. My country is the best
4. Alliances: Friendship between countries. War gets bigger because countries that are friends fight for each other EVEN if they weren’t part of the first fight.
5. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: When a Serbian man killed the prince of Austria Hungary.

45. Groups Group 1: Nationalism Group 2: Arms Race Group 3: Imperialism
Group 4: Alliances

46. Listen up!

47. II. Beginning of WWI A. The “small” war
1. The war should only be between Austria Hungary and Serbia.

48. B. Alliance System
1. Because of the alliance system it becomes a much bigger war
2. Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy
3. Triple Entente = Great Britain, France, Russia

49. These alliances Were made BEFORE the war started!
AFTER the war had become, alliances led countries to take sides. There were the Central Powers and the Allied Powers

50. The 2 sides of the war:
Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary (They were called this because they are located in the center of Europe)
Allied Powers: Great Britain, Russia, France, Serbia

51. C. The “big” war
1. When one country in the alliance is attacked, other countries in the alliance joined the war.
As other countries joined the war, the war became bigger and bigger!

52. Today
We will learn a bit more about the background of World War I. Find a partner and read pages
Answer the following questions:
1. What is imperialism and how did it lead to competition between countries?
2. What is an arms race? Who was involved in the arms race leading up to WWI and who started it?
3. How did nationalism cause problems in the Balkans?
4. What is an alliance? Why would countries want to be part of an alliance?
5. Which countries were part of the Triple Alliance?
6. Which countries were part of the Triple Entente?
7. What was the final thing that happened to cause a declaration of war?
8. Did people think the war would last a long time? Why DID the war last a long time?

53. During the war!
Do Now: New weapons like poison gas and machine guns were invented soon before WWI. How do you think those inventions changed the way battles were fought?

54. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution made new weapons possible!

55. New Weapons
Sources taken from the American Library of Congress

56. More weapons

57. Tank Warfare

58. Machine Gun

59. Airplanes

60. Germans used a new weapon:
Big Bertha:
Helped Germans to be able to blow up targets many miles away.

61. Big Bertha
This is one of the main reasons why battles were fought in trenches. Soldiers needed protection from weapons like “Big Bertha”

62. The war gets even BIGGER!
Germany (part of the Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) didn’t want France to help Russia (Part of the Triple Entente: France, Russia and Great Britain).

63. Germany tries to stop France
So, they marched through Belgium (a neutral country) to get to France. Great Britain got mad because Germany invaded a neutral (didn’t take sides in the war and didn’t want to fight) country. So, Great Britain declared war on Germany.

64. No Quick Victory
Germany now had to fight enemies on both sides of their country.
East: Russia
West: France, Belgium and Great Britain

65. Two-Front War
When a country’s army has to fight on both sides of the country.
Why do you think two-front war is bad?

66. Weaker Armies!
Two-front war means a country has to spread their army all over the country. There are less soldiers/supplies at one place than there could be if the fighting was only on one front (side).

67. What did Germany do?
They tried to rush to defeat France quickly with as many soldiers as possible so they could win in France and THEN move all of their soldiers to the other front: Russia.

68. Problem
The Russians moved too fast. The Germans had to send many soldiers from the Western Front to Russia (East).

69. Problem
Because Germany lost soldiers on the Western Front, they were much weaker in fighting against the French.

70. D. Western Front - Trenches
1. Because of new weapons soldiers needed to protect themselves

71. 3. The Trenches were very complex

72. Soldiers would run across to the other trench during an attack

73. Fighting in the trenches
Was difficult!
10s of thousands of soldiers died.

74. Soldiers can’t move!
Because it took a long time to build trenches and because leaving the trenches to fight was very dangerous, soldiers did not attack the other side very quickly.

75. Let’s explore the trenches a bit more!

76. Life of a soldier in the trenches
A Day in the Trenches: from:
Morning:
It started 1 hour before dawn with the morning "stand to" the men were roused from sleep and sent to the "fire step", with bayonets fixed to their rifles to be on guard for a dawn raid by the enemy. Many raids were carried out at dawn by both sides although it was common knowledge that the opposing armies were both preparing to deal with them.

77. A Day in the Trenches

78. Morning
As the first light of day approached machineguns, shells, and even handguns would be fired toward the enemy trenches. Some people said that this was to test the weaponry. Others said it was to relieve the tension, and others said it was to ward off a dawn raid. Whatever the reason the first hour of the soldier's day became known, as "The morning hate."

79. Battle

80. Later in the day
Then it was time for breakfast, unofficially breakfast time was a time of truce between both sides, both sides respected this truce for most of the time, but it was broken now and again when a senior officer heard about it and put his foot down ordering the men to open fire on enemy lines.

81. http://www. remnantnewspaper. com/images/Christmas_in_the_Trenches_0

82. Daily Chores

83. Daily Chores
“each man would be given a specific chore. Daily chores included the refilling of sandbags, the repair of the duckboards on the floor of the trench and the draining of trenches, repairing the trenches and preparing the latrines” (

84. Preparing “latrines”

85. The rest of the day was kinda slow:
During the rest of the day movement was restricted in the trenches, snipers and lookout posts from either side constantly watched the front lines and shots would be fired at the first sign of movement. Soldiers used this time to catch up on some much needed sleep write letters to their sweethearts and home and some soldiers spent the time producing ornaments and useful items from used shell and bullet casings, these items are very popular these days and are sold as trench art.

86. Trench Art

87. Ways to fight boredom in the trenches
Write letters home
Write poetry
Make artwork

88. Later afternoon
With dusk came the second "Stand to" of the day. Soldiers would be sent to the fire step as darkness approached in preparation for surprise attacks. With the darkness of the night the trenches came to life, men were sent to fetch vital food, water, and maintenance supplies whilst others were sent to the fire step for sentry duty. 2 hours was the limit for the soldiers on the fire step before they were replaced, in case the men fell asleep, if a man fell asleep at the fire step the punishment would be death by firing squad.

89. Borrrrrrrrrrrrred!

90. Punishment for falling asleep:
Death!

91. Sentry Duty

92. By cover of night
Patrols into no-mans land would also be carried out under cover of darkness, to repair breaks in the barbed wire and some were sent out as "Listening posts" hoping to over hear information from the enemy.
Sometimes enemy patrols would meet in No Man's Land. They were then faced with the option of hurrying on their separate ways or else engaging in hand to hand fighting. (

93. No Man’s Land

94. Why do you think it was called:
No Man’s Land?

95. End of the day
They could not afford to use their handguns whilst patrolling in No Man's Land, for fear of the machine gun fire it would inevitably attract, deadly to all members of the patrol.
The cover of darkness also allowed the frontline troops to be changed over, those who had completed their tour of duty would be swapped over with fresh troops.
Then it was time to start the daily routine again with the morning "stand to"

96. Many soldiers began to question why they were fighting.
One soldier said:
“The dead lying on the fields seem to ask, “Why has this been done to us? Why have you done it, brothers? What purpose has it served?”

97. How do you think soldiers felt during times of war?
Were they happy?
Why?

98. How did the soldiers REALLY feel?
Christmas Example:
During WWI the Germans had been fighting the British and battle was bloody!
BUT on Christmas day some Germans put up small Christmas trees outside their trenches.

99. German Christmas

100. Then….. The Germans started singing Christmas Carols:
And the British joined in! They made peace for just one night….

101. They even exchanged gifts like:
Cake
Newspapers
Cigarettes

102. Played games!
Soccer!

103. Christmas Worksheet
You may work in groups to answer questions about the Christmas peace.

104. Harry Patch Article
One WWI soldier recently died. After his experiences fighting in WWI, he decided to dedicate his life to helping others to understand how pointless war is.

105. If trench warfare was so bad why did soldiers want to join the war?
Propaganda! (Advertising)
Be a GOOD person, join your country’s army!
What does the Gorilla represent?
What is this poster supposed to make British men want to do?

107. German War Propaganda

109. Russian Propaganda

110. Why would advertising make people want to join the war?
Does propaganda tell what war will REALLY be like?

111. Evaluate War Propaganda
Take a look at the following War Propaganda and on a numbered piece of paper write which of the following purposes you think the propaganda was made for:

112. Reasons for Propaganda
1. To stop information that may help the enemy from being published.
2. To give regular people a government approved version of the war.
3. To keep people at home feeling positive about the war abroad and encourage people to give money and time to the war effort.
4. To make the enemy seem like an evil that needed to be fought.
5. To get more soldiers to join the army and navy.

113. 1.

114. 2.

115. 3.

116. 4.

117. 5.

118. 6.

119. Review 1. Make enemy look evil 2. Get more men to join army
3. Get support from people at home (donate canned food to troops)
4. Support from people at home
5. Don’t share information that could help the enemy
6. Government approved vision of war. Christ is on our side!

120. Does War Propaganda still exist?

121. Reflection Questions
Answer the following questions to turn in before you leave:
1. What is propaganda?
2. Why do you think there were so many different types of war propaganda?
2. Do you need propaganda to win a war? Why or why not?

122. What about women in the war?

123. What did they do?

124. What did they do?

126. What was life like for women back home?
Watch Movie clip from section 3
Finish worksheet

127. My Boy Jack
Watch together! 

128. The War Spreads
Because of Alliances, other countries joined the war on the side of the Central Powers or Allied Powers.

129. New countries on the Central Powers
The Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria

130. New Countries fighting for the Allies:
-Italy (used to be part of the Triple Alliance but they didn’t like Austria-Hungary so they stopped supporting them)
-Japan
Total: 31 nations took part in WWI.

131. Why would trench warfare….
Make it difficult for one side to win?
What is a stalemate?

132. 5. Stalemate Definition: No winner in a contest
During WWI, neither side could win a clear battle on the Western Front.
Trench warfare made it very difficult for either side to win.

133. Eastern Front VERY different from the Western Front.
Much more movement because they didn’t use trench warfare on the Western Front.

134. Early Allied losses on the Eastern Front
1. Great Britain lost a battle against the Ottoman Empire in Gallipoli.

135. Allied Victories!
In Southwest Asia, The British worked with Arabs to defeat the Ottomans.
1917: Great Britain took over Jerusalem
People in British Colonies in Africa helped the British to win in parts of Africa
Japanese soldiers fought and defeated Germans on islands in the Pacific Ocean.

136. Four Years of War Get your textbook and turn to page 413
You may work in pairs to make vocabulary notecards of the following terms:
Neutral
Two-front war
Trenches
Trench warfare
Central Powers
Allies
Stalemate
Shells
Submarine
armistice

137. Make sure you know the following:
Imperialism: Strong countries conquer weaker countries. Ex. Europe took over colonies (an area of land in one area controlled by a country far away. Britain had colonies in India)
Nationalism: To love your country or culture
Arms Race: Competing to have the biggest military
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand: The killing of the next king of Austria-Hungary (and important guy). IMPORTANT because it was the last thing to cause WWI.
Alliance: friendship or partnership between countries
Triple Alliance: partnership between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
Triple Entente: partnership between Great Britain, France and Russia
Trenches: tunnels dug on the Western Front to protect soldiers
Central Powers: Austria-Hungary and Germany (called “central” because they are in the center of Europe
Allied Powers: Great Britain, Russia, France, Serbia and later Italy (After they left the German side.
Submarine : boat that goes underwater that was used by the Germans
America neutral at first: U.S.A. didn’t take sides at first because they wanted to trade with both sides
Armistice: Peace Agreement

138. E. Eastern Front-movement
1. Opposite of the Western Front
2. The Armies moved hundreds of miles in short periods of time
3. The Russian army was badly supplied

139. III. End of World War I A. Neutral America

140. Why neutral?
1. America wanted to stay neutral because it could trade with both Central Powers - Austria Hungary and Germany (called that because they were in central Europe)
AND America could trade with Allied Powers too – Great Britain, Russia, France, Serbia and later Italy

141. B. Submarine Warfare
1. German submarines (boat that goes underwater) attacked American supply ships going to England. This made Americans very mad.

142. C. America declares war
1. Because of the German attacks, America declared war in April 1917,
2. This was very helpful to the Allied forces because the American soldiers were now, healthy, and had very good supplies.

143. D. Russia Surrenders
1. Russia surrendered because of the Russian Revolution. The government was taken over by Communists.

144. E. Armistice
1. The Germans tried to attack one more time on the western front in the summer of The attack failed.
2. On November 11, 1918, the German army surrendered to the Allied powers. World War I was over.

145. Why do you think America joining the war made it end faster?
American Soldiers entered the war late so they were well rested.
America brought many supplies that the Allies needed to help them defeat the Central Powers.

146. How did the war finally end?
Germany was weak. America joined the war and did a lot of damage to Germany and Russia had been hurting them too.
Germany was out of supplies and had to give up. Nov 11, 1918

147. How do we prevent future wars?
According to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson: Let’s all be friends! We’ll start a League of Nations.
Goal: Encourage friendship and peace between all countries in Europe
BUT excluded Germany! AND U.S didn’t want to join either.

148. Another plan for peace: Woodrow Wilson
Wilson also had an idea for something called the Fourteen Points: plan for peace.
He thought of it while fighting was still going on in 1918.

149. Fourteen Points Some included: 1. reduce weapons
2. All countries should have governments like the U.S. (Democracy where people vote for their own government)
3. Germany should pay a FAIR amount for war. Not too much
4. A League of Nations should be started to prevent future wars.
5. Countries shouldn’t be able to just TAKE land from other established countries (Imperialism)

150. Problem with the Peace
Not everyone agreed with them. In fact no one else besides Wilson really liked them all that much.
The only one that was really sort of liked was the League of Nations.
We’ll learn more NEXT YEAR!

151. Final Project!
ABC book!