1. Chapter 18 Continued (sections 3-5): A New Urban Culture (1865-1915)

2. Section 3: Cities Grow and Change Section focus question: What were the causes and effects of the rapid growth of cities?
Anticipatory Set
With your partner brainstorm and list reasons why people may want to live in cities

3. 1. Rapid Growth of Cities
A. Urbanization – the rapid growth of city populations
By 1860 one out of every five Americans lived in cities
By 1890 one out of every three Americans lived in cities
Why???

5. Why Cities Grew Cities attracted industry Industry attracted people
Who moved to cities?
Farmers
Immigrants
African Americans

6. B. Growing Out and Up
1887 = 1st electric street car. Richmond, VA
1897 = electric subway trains, Boston, MA
1883 = Brooklyn Bridge
1885 = 1st 10 story building, Chicago, IL
1900 = 30 storied “skyscrapers”, used electric elevators

7. As cities grew more crowded the wealthy moved out
As cities grew more crowded the wealthy moved out. The poor were left in tenements.

8. A. Tenement Life – buildings divided into many tiny apartments
2. Problems of Urban Life
A. Tenement Life – buildings divided into many tiny apartments
Many apartments has no windows, indoor plumbing or heat
Often 10 people to a room
Shared bathrooms
Streets littered with garbage
Disease common
In one Chicago slum half the babies did not live to be 1 years old

9. B. Improving City Life
In the1880’s reformers asked for changes:
Building codes were established that provided standards of safety
Fire escapes were added to buildings
Streetlights were installed
Police Departments were established
Mother Cabrini (Catholic Nun) set up
clinics and hospitals for the poor
The Salvation Army was founded to
give food, shelter and clothing to
the homeless

10. C. Settlement Houses
(community centers) were also started to help the poor. Jane Addams became famous in organizing settlement houses in America.
Hull House was opened in Chicago in In Hull House teachers taught the English language and classes on American government.

11. 3.The Excitement of City Life
Electric Lights
Elevated railroads
Skyscrapers
Department Stores
Leisure Activities
Sports

12. Electricity offered a new solution to many of the cities problems
Electricity offered a new solution to many of the cities problems. Electric street cars were used on the streets. Trolleys were also used. Many cities such as New York built steam driven passenger trains on tracks. In 1897, Boston led the way in building the first American subway, or underground electric railway.

13. A. Department Stores
Sold all kinds of items in different sections or departments. In 1902, R. H Macey opened a nine story department store in New York. Soon other cities have department stores.

14. B. Leisure Activities
Long hours made people value their leisure time. A wealth of entertainment existed in the cities: museums, orchestras, art galleries, theater, circuses, parks
Many vaudeville houses opened in the cities. Vaudeville was a variety show that included comedians, song and dance routines and acrobats.

15. Songwriters produced many popular tunes such as Shine On, and Harvest Moon. Ragtime was a new kind of music with lively, rhythmic sounds. Scott Joplin, an African American composer, helped make ragtime music popular.

16. John Philip Sousa wrote more than 100 marches
John Philip Sousa wrote more than 100 marches. He wrote The Stars And Stripes Forever. His Marches became favorites at Fourth of July celebrations.

17. C. Sports
Baseball became the most popular sport in the nation. The game was first played in New York in the 1840’s during the Civil War. By the 1870’s there were many professional baseball teams.
African Americans formed their own league.

18. 1891, James Naismith invented a new sport called basketball
1891, James Naismith invented a new sport called basketball. Naismith was the teaching physical education class at the YMCA. He wanted to find a sport that could be played indoors in winter. He had two bushel baskets mailed to the gym walls. Players tried to throw a soccer ball into the baskets. Basketball caught on quickly. It spread to other schools and colleges around the country.

19. Football also became popular
Football also became popular. Players did not wear helmets and in one season 44 college players died of injuries. Some colleges banned the sport or drew up stricter rules to play the game.

20. With your partner discuss the difficulties urban dwellers faced
Closure
With your partner discuss the difficulties urban dwellers faced

21. Section 4: The New Immigrants
Focus question: How was the experience of immigrants both positive and negative?
Anticipatory Set
With your partner complete the KWL chart. Under “K” write down anything you know about immigration. Under “W” write down anything you can think of that you would like to know. At the end of the period you and your partner will complete the “L”, what you learned column.

22. Between 1866 and 1915, more than 25 million immigrants poured into the United States. Both push factors and pull factors played a part in the vast global migration.

25. 1. A Fresh Start A. Reasons For Migration
Push
Amount of farm land shrinking (Italy)
Population growing
Machines replacing farmhands
Religious persecution (1880’s Russian Jews experienced pogroms)
Political unrest/Wars (1910, Mexican Revolution)
Famine
Pull
“Land of opportunity”
JOBS!!!
Cheap land
Education
Democratic principles
Freedom religion, speech, press

26. PUSH
Political and religious persecution pushed many people to leave their homes. In the late eighteen hundreds, the Russian government supported pogroms, organized attacks on Jewish villages. Millions of Jews fled Russia and Eastern Europe to settle in American cities.

27. Ottoman Empire
PUSH
Persecution also played a factor for Armenian immigrants. The Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire which is present day Turkey. Between the 1890’s days and the 1900’s, the Ottoman government killed a million or more Armenians. Many fled to the United States and settled in California.

28. PULL
Many immigrants had heard stories that the streets of the United States were paved with gold.
Once in the United States, the newcomers had to adjust their dreams to reality. They immediately set out to find work. Through friends, relatives, labor contractors, and employment agencies they found jobs.

30. B. Old vs. New Immigrants Old Immigrants New Immigrants
Early to mid 1800’s
From northern and western Europe
Mostly Protestant (Irish an exception)
Many spoke English
Had an experience with democracy
Most educated
Most had at least a little wealth
New Immigrants
Began to arrive late 1800’s
Southern and eastern Europeans (Polish, Russian, Greek, Italian etc.) Some from Asia.
Most were Catholic or Jewish
Spoke no to little English
Often poor and uneducated

32. 2. Starting a New Life A. Coming to America
The voyage across the Atlantic and Pacific was often miserable. Most “new” immigrants could afford only the cheapest berths and were crammed into steerage – large compartments that usually held cattle.
These tight, airless quarters were breeding grounds for disease. Rough seas sickened the passengers.

33. For most European immigrants, the voyage ended in New York City
For most European immigrants, the voyage ended in New York City. After 1886, they saw the giant statue of Liberty in the harbor. The statue of liberty became a symbol of a hope and freedom offered by the United States.

35. After 1892, ships entering New York harbor stopped on Ellis Island
After 1892, ships entering New York harbor stopped on Ellis Island. Here, “new” immigrants faced a last hurdle, the dreaded medical inspection.
Doctors examined eyes, ears and throats. The sick had to stay on Ellis Island until they got well. With hundreds of immigrants to process each day, officials had only minutes to check each new arrival.

36. Ellis Island
Millions of Italians, Polish, Russians, and Greeks landed in the Eastern United States and Stopped at Ellis Island before arriving in New York City.

37. B. Immigrant Neighborhoods
Immigrants adjusted to their new lives by settling in neighborhoods with their own ethnic group. An ethnic group is a group of people who share a common culture. Within these ethnic neighborhoods, newcomers spoke of their own language and celebrated special holidays with food prepared as in the old country.

38. 3. Becoming American A. Assimilation
In their effort to adapt, many immigrants sometimes blended their native tongues with English. They became part of a new culture. The process of becoming part of another culture is called assimilation.

39. B. Contributions of Immigrants
Desperate for money they took any job they could find: steel, meatpacking, mines, garment sweatshops
Helped build; bridges, skyscrapers, railroads
Some saved and opened small businesses
Ethnic foods became part of American life; bagels, pizza, spaghetti, chow mein
Some individuals made great contributions; Carnegie, Bell (Scottish)

40. 4. A New Wave of Nativism
Nativists - argued “new” immigrants would not assimilate. Associated immigrants with violence, crime and poverty and anarchy. Believed they took jobs away from Americans.
Anarchist – a person who opposes all forms of government

42. Nativists targeted the Chinese
Nativists targeted the Chinese. The Chinese immigrants helped build the railroads. Most Chinese people lived in cities in an area called “Chinatown” and did not assimilate easily. As the numbers of Chinese immigrants increased prejudice and violence against them began to increase.
Congress responded to the violence by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act, Under it, no Chinese laborer could enter the United States. In addition, no Chinese living in the United States could return once they left of the country.

43. Section 5: Education & Culture
Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of an expanded educational system?
Anticipatory Set
With your partner list how your life would be different without an education.

44. 1. Education Expands A. Educating Americans
As industry grew, so did the need for an educated work force.
1852 MA passed 1st compulsory education law
By 1900 = 6,000 high schools
By 1918 every state required public education
School day: 8:00 am to 4:00 pm, three R’s, taught moral values and Christian religion

45. Before 1870, fewer than half of American children went to school
Before 1870, fewer than half of American children went to school. Many who did attend went to one room schoolhouses with only one teacher. Oftentimes, several students shared a single book.

46. In the North, most states have laws that require children to attend school, usually through the sixth grade. In the south, the Freedman’s Bureau built grade schools for both African Americans and white students. However, most schools in the south were segregated.

47. 2. New American Writers
As more people were educated more read books and magazines
Horatio Alger, wrote “rags-to-riches” stories about poor boys who became successful through hard work, courage and honesty
Realism became popular, when writers try to show life as it is

48. Mark Twain was the most popular author of the time and used local color to make his stories more realistic. Local color refers to the speech and habits of a particular region.
He wrote novels like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain filled his novel with humor and adventure to entertain his readers.

49. 3. A Newspaper Boom
As cities grew, the numbers of newspapers grew dramatically. People were very much interested in reading newspapers. The newspapers reported the major events of the day. If reported government, business, fashion, and sports.
Joseph Pulitzer ,an immigrant, bought the New York World
He cut prices, presented scandals, crime stories, comic strips and gossip. People coined the term yellow journalism for the sensational reporting style of The World
Joseph Pulitzer

50. Women also became journalists
Women also became journalists. Nellie Bly pretended to be insane in order to find out about treatment of the mentally ill. Her articles about cruelty in mental hospitals lead to reforms in these hospitals.

51. Closure
Teach four facts that we covered today to your partner