1. Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R
Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell

2. Previewing the Global Drama
Global Actors: Meet the cast
States: possess sovereignty, legally equal, different in power
United States, China, East Timor
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)—made up of states
European Union, United Nations, Organization of American States
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Doctors Without Borders, Red Cross, Save the Children International
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
General Electric, Ford, Merck
Individuals
Osama Bin-Laden, Kim Jong-il, US Presidents

3. Structure of Your Text
Demonstrates choices between the competitive traditional path of world politics or an alternative path of greater cooperation
Traditional methods of political organization include Nationalism, States, National Power and diplomacy, National Security, and National Economic Competition. Anarchical international system.
Alternative methods include Globalization, International Law, International Security, and International Economic Competition. System continues to evolve.

4. The Importance of Studying World Politics
To Political Scientists: Description/Prediction/Prescription
To YOU: Economic, Quality of Life
Challenges in studying:
Blurring of the line between the global and the local with intermestic issues such as:
Trade and capital flow
Defense spending (EU defense force?)
Terrorism and political violence (where to inspect shipping containers?)
Disease (bird flu)
Global warming/climate change

5. World Politics and Your Finances: The Global Flow of Goods and Services
Dependence of foreign sources for vital resources (i.e., crude oil prices)
Jobs and trade–job gains and losses to cheap imports (outsourcing and insourcing)
Foreign investment and international financial markets
Imports lower prices but hurt GDP
Gross Domestic Product: Value of all final goods and service produced within a country
Your taxes spent on national security (next slide)

6. Domestic vs. Defense Spending
Guns versus butter issue
More guns=less butter
U.S. currently spends about 15% of budget on defense ($400 Billion)—not including wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
U.S. actually outspends the world on defense—outsourcing security to those countries that prefer to pay us for security.
Defense sector in the domestic economy–Homeland Security expenses (“Osama Tax”)
Could be used to fund other objectives (Health Care, Education, tax cuts) BUT
Defense spending economically important to communities (and provides pork barrel projects that can be earmarked by incumbents)

7. World Politics and Your Living Space: Sharing Air, Water and Land
As population increases, resources deplete
Pollution and environmental destruction
Corporations create negative externalities
Global warming could lead to flooding, droughts, and other weather-related disasters
Deforestation and soil erosion
Desertification
Public health and disease control

8. World Politics and Your Life: Threats From Disease and Political Violence
CFCs were depleting ozone layer; skin cancer rates increasing--reversed after Montreal Protocol (1987)
Increased human contact through advances in transportation technology
West Nile virus outbreak
Worsening AIDS epidemic in Africa
Influenza (H5N1/H1N1)
War and international security threats
Grave threats of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
Rise in civilian casualties
Terrorism–unconventional forms of violence
College students make up bulk of U.S. military
Role of women in warfare increasing

9. Can We Make a Difference?
1st Q: Do we want to? (Most would at least preserve US dominance, but what are consequences?)
Take direct action at all levels of society
Vote (elections have results)
Referenda: EU Constitution, Montenegro independence vote
Get involved
Participate in issue-oriented groups
Protest and write Congress
Donate money
Demonstrations
Support consumer boycotts, investment boycotts (South Africa apartheid boycott successful)
Work for IGO/NGO

10. Political Theory
Def’n: A set of ideas about why things happen and how events are related
Advantages: Builds knowledge, better evaluation of policy
Cautions:
No theory is comprehensive
Each theory has numerous variations and counter-examples
Two such theories: REALISM and LIBERALISM

11. Realism vs. Liberalism LIBERALISM REALISM
Alternative path--emphasizes a more cooperative, globalist approach & the important role of global institutions/regional organizations as actors on the world stage.
Rousseau influence: Humans basically good. We join civil societies/cooperate to achieve mutual benefits. Conflict NOT inevitable.
Right makes right’
Emphasizes PRINCIPLES
Based on cooperative & ethical standards. Seeks to create policy norms of justice/peace.
Do not, however, surrender sovereignty: States can learn to cooperate without fancy organizations
Politics not always a zero-sum game.
Neoliberalism: Surrendering sovereignty OK. Emphasize international organizations to build effective cooperation (also known as neoliberal institutionalism)
Traditional path that emphasizes the centrality of the state on the world stage and the pursuit of national self-interest above all.
Hobbesian influence
Largely pessimistic: Humans are aggressive and self-serving, and they are unlikely to change. Conflict is inevitable!
‘Might makes right’
Emphasizes POWER and survival of the most powerful.
Uses pragmatic, self-help policy prescriptions
Power is a zero-sum game.
Seeks to maintain security for the states that practice it
Neo-realism: Anarchical structure

12. Prospects for Competition & Cooperation
Liberalism–globalist approach
Power is not the essence of international relations
Power politics is futile and destructive
Peace is achieved through cooperative relations
Neoliberals: Willing to surrender some sovereignty to international structures promoting cooperation
Jimmy Carter’s treatment of the Shah, an ally
Realism–realpolitik approach
Place national interest first in international politics
Practice balance-of-power politics
Achieve peace through strength
Do not waste power on peripheral issues
Henry Kissinger- ’Playing the China Card’

13. Assessing Reality: Realism and Liberalism
Comparing the ability of realism or liberalism to explain world history (Congress of Vienna vs. Wilson’s 14 Points)
Competition has dominated world history; Realpolitik is the order of the day—but both realism and liberalism influence current policy
Liberals not averse to use of force—can be authorized by UNSC.
But John Kerry paid at the polls for his remark
‘What should be’ and ‘What will be’ remain far more important questions than ‘What is’
Recent US Presidents:
Bill Clinton: criticized Bush 41, favored liberalism (Bosnia, Kosovo). Later embraced realpolitik (China)
George W. Bush: mix of realism (Reagan-like, « Peace through strength »  and liberalism (impose U.S. standards)
Bush often described as neo-conservative

14. Conservatism v. Neoconservatism
Conservatism generally favors non-intervention (“A Republic, not an Empire”). Government that governs best governs least.
Like conservatives, neocons are generally Republican party supporters—but they break away on a key point:
Neocons support using American economic and military power to bring liberalism, democracy, and human rights to other countries. They reject realism.
David Horowitz: Neoconservatives used to be former Democrats who embraced the welfare state but supported Ronald Reagan's Cold War policies against the Soviet bloc. Today, 'neo-conservatism' identifies those who believe in an aggressive policy against radical Islam and the global terrorists.
But like realism and liberalism, both are consistent in that STATES still matter. Others disagree.

15. Modernism and Postmodernism (Broader than just politics)
Modernism: affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge or technology
Modernism is slightly biased towards a state-centered view
Postmodernism: Political reality is not determined by states
It’s determined by how we consider, define, and communicate concepts such as technological or scientific progress
Political values are merely mental constructs.
Postmodernists criticize liberals, neoliberals, realists, and conservatives/neoconservatives for “narrow thinking”
Postmodernists advocate an alternative path to peace that emphasizes the creation and promotion of political identities other than nationalism

16. Feminist Theory
Argues that women have been excluded by men from the international politics process and from the conceptualization of world politics
More comprehensive concepts of peace and security represent examples of how women perceive international politics issues differently than men. Current view is biased.
Negative peace not enough; positive peace needed to enforce justice and equality
Seeks to forge a distinct political identity and heightened feminist consciousness for women living around the world
Success rates vary by region (Nordic region most impressive; some countries like Mexico mandate that a certain # of political party candidates must be female.)
Many prominent female leaders behave like men (Thatcher)

17. Women in National Parliaments

18. Economic Theories
Economic nationalism—closely connected to realism with its emphasis on using economic strength to increase national power and vice versa.
Economic internationalism—closely related to liberalism with its belief that free economic interchange without political interference can bring prosperity to all nations
Economic structuralism—holds that economics plays a fundamental, dominant role in determining world politics
Marxism—holds that the primary determinant of history is economic struggle between classes (the proletariat and the bourgeoisie)

19. Constructivist Theory
Affirms that the exchange of ideas among individuals , groups, and social structures, including states, produces global “structures” such as treaties, laws, and international organizations.
These structures, in turn, shape the ideas of these individuals, groups, and social structures, including states identified collectively as “agents.”
Rejects the view of realists and liberals that the agents and structures such as states and the international system are stable and unchanging.
National political identities, like all political identities, are more subject to change and adaptation by citizens than generally assumed by liberals and realists
Nonmaterial goals such as ideology, morality, and other culture outlooks and values motivate citizens, groups, and states in international politics.
Results may depend on your method of analysis

20. Political Methods of Analysis
Clinical Method—Controlled settings, operate within confinement (lab climate). Highly objective, very analytical, devoid of personal, emotional interference. Manipulate variables to shape experiment
Statistical Method—Gather random data, look for correlation, hopefully diagnose causation
Case Study—1 element. Good that it relates to that element only. (Study of French bureaucracy not effective in trying to understand U.S. bureaucracy)
Comparative Method—Contains “old” and “new” methods, examines two case studies
Scope has changed, broadened over time

21. 3 Shifts in Scope of Analysis (more in Chapter 3)
Originally, political scientists tried to develop overarching theories.
Shift #1: In many cases, general theory is not helpful; limit research to a few cases and address middle range theory
Shift #2: Methods
Used to use Deductive Method: General to specific
NOW: Inductive Method: Specifics to general conclusion. Best method: case study
Shift #3: Cross-temporal analysis (analyze different countries over time; Why has India developed differently than South Korea over the last 60 years?)

22. Comparative Approaches (David Apter)
Institutionalist: look at institutions. (What makes a strong state? Military, economy, resources, legitimacy, adaptive power of states. Is regime Totalitarian, Authoritarian, Transitional, or Democratic?)
Developmentalist: look at society, culture.
2 types: Modernization and Dependency school
Must understand socioeconomic forces
Ethnic Composition plays a role
State aggression/frustration/identity
Institutionalist couldn’t explain Fascist Italy, Weimar German failure (really due to Versailles, economic collapse)
Neo-institutionalist: state and society interact

23. Comparative Politics Approaches
Traditional observations—look at cultures, study to learn similarities. Focus: formal institutions only
Logic
Behaviorist Approach (Quantitative)—Feelings, attitudes, functions as opposed to institutions. Shift to infrastructure. Use mass media, foreign policy, public opinions, ideology to analyze. Focus: cross-national, cross-cultural. Take a prescriptive approach and analyze data empirically.
Post-Behaviorism--reaction to precision and quantification

24. Political Culture—Building Civil Society
Civil Society: A buffer between state and individual
AKA “linkage institutions”
Political Parties, Media, Interest groups, elections
Ex: Democratic/Republican parties, CNN/FOX, NRA/Emily’s List
There are moral, legal, and economic concerns in building civil society. Examine Russia’s challenges after 1991:
Moral: Soviets had tradition of strong state crushing religion, had no morals under communism. Soviet people saw free market as “cheating.”
Legal: Soviets had no experience with contracts, ownership, bankruptcy, judges taught to rule the way the party wanted them to. Need to re-educate.
Economic: Soviets used command economy exclusively, no entrepreneurial knowledge

25. Evolution of the 1st World
Modern industrial democracies
Concepts of “Second World” and “Third World” from Cold War era
1648: Treaty of Westphalia lays ground for the modern state with the principles of territorial integrity and government
All new states faced questions about the role of religion in politics, defense, etc.
Industrial Revolution impacts countries, leads to social unrest/problems/basis for sociology

26. Industrial Democracies: Similarities and Differences
Wealth: $15K-30K GNP/person). Charles Hauss ID’s wealth as reason for democracy
Evolution similar
Stability-- Dall (Yale): Polyarchy means different groups share power on different issues
Post-industrial (Service economy)
Post-materialist
Differences:
Political systems
Economic systems range from USA market capitalism protected capitalism in JPN  socialism in SWE
Culture (GER, ITY, FRA, JPN have penchant for strong “father state”. Samuel Huntington claims culture makes democracy—but if this is true, why are these countries different?
Foreign Policy orientations (sanctions on Iraq)

27. Post-Materialism: (Ronald Inglehart, U-M) In the world, there are 2 kinds of people:
Materialist:
Poor
Uneducated
Extreme old and young
Concerned with living from day to day
Post-Materialist
Wealthy, well educated UC/MC
Not in danger of starvation
Concerned with environment, feminism, consumer protection, civil liberties, support peace movements.
They think about self-actualization

28. The Concept of “Regime”
Different from mere “government”
Institutions and practices that typically endure from government to government
1997 UK election removed John Major’s Government
1979 Iranian Revolution removed a regime—the Shah
Iraqi “government” and “regime” both removed 2003 by war of various causes

29. Political Ideology
Def’n: A coherent and consistent set of beliefs about who ought to rule, what principles rulers should obey, and what policies rulers ought to pursue
Result in the United States from differences in how to interpret the Constitution—degree to which government should be involved
People regularly have “inconsistent” opinions (ex: wanting to spend more on both national defense and welfare)
Political Ideology activity and 2 major parties in the United States

30. Chapter Objectives: Checklist
After reading this chapter, students should be able to:
1. Identify the main actors in the international system and the effects that events taking place in one country have on other countries.
 2. Describe some of the ways world economy affects individuals.
 3. Explain how global problems and challenges, such as population increases, pollution, and resource depletion, affect individuals and their living space.
 4. Recognize the avenues available to individuals to affect world politics.
 5. Understand how theory can be used as a tool to organize and interpret world events, including the limits of political theories.
6. Summarize Classical Realism and Neorealism and understand the implications of these theories for world politics.
7. Summarize Classical Liberalism and Neoliberalism and understand the implications of these theories for world politics.
8. Summarize Postmodernism and understand the concept of metanarratives.
9. Summarize feminism and understand the sources and implications of a masculine conception of world politics.
10. Summarize the various economic theories and how they approach poverty and power.
11. Summarize constructivism and understand the relationship between agents and structure.
12. Describe the concepts of regime and political ideology.