1. Expanding Zones of Exchange Review 2 Practice Questions taken from Jan 2010-Jan 2014

2. Africa Geography – encourages cultural diversity (Sahara, Congo Rainforest, Savannah grasses) Bantu migration – because of climate and vegetation - over-farmed poor soil, so spread slowly over centuries to South Africa spreading farming knowledge, iron technology and Swahili language.

3. June 2011

4. Aug 2012 One way in which the Bantu people of West Africa (500 B.C.–A.D. 1500) and the people of Ireland (1840s) are similar is that both groups (1) carried out successful conquests (2) supported nationalist movements (3) experienced large migrations (4) represented early civilizations

5. June 2013 Between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500, the migration of the Bantu people of Africa led to the diffusion of (1) languages and metallurgical skills (2) porcelain and cannons (3) camels and Islam (4) cuneiform and galley ships

6. Aug 2011 Which movement of African people was primarily caused by changes in climate and vegetation? (1) migration of the Bantu people out of West Africa in 1000 B.C. (2) journey of Mansa Musa’s followers to Mecca in 1324 (3) resettlement of the Zulus within South Africa in 1843 (4) flight of the Tutsis from Rwanda in 1994

7. African Kingdoms Ghana – gold-salt trade across desert using Muslim merchants on camels (fleets of the desert), animist Mali – Muslim Empire – also gold-salt trade, Mansa Musa was king – went on pilgrimage to Mecca gave away a lot of gold. Capital Timbuktu. Ibn Battuta wrote primary source diary of travels to Mecca and beyond Women better off than most Muslims Family clan important and nature.

8. Aug 2010 Which river was essential to the survival of the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? (1) Thames (3) Indus (2) Niger (4) Euphrates

9. Aug 2011 Which statement about the Sahara is most closely associated with the West African civilizations of Ghana and Mali? (1) Irrigation systems made it possible to farm in the Sahara. (2) Salt mined in the Sahara was exchanged for gold. (3) Oases in the Sahara served as their capital cities. (4) The Sahara prevented the spread of Islam to the region.

10. June 2011 Both Ibn Battuta and Mansa Musa demonstrated their religious values by (1) meditating along the banks of the Ganges River (2) converting Africans to Christianity (3) making a pilgrimage to Mecca (4) visiting the wailing wall in Jerusalem

11. Jan 2012

12. Aug 2012 Which empires gained wealth by controlling the trade of gold, ivory, and salt across the Sahara Desert? (1) Maya and Aztec (2) Greek and Roman (3) Mali and Songhai (4) Mauryan and Mughal

13. June 2010 The trans-Saharan trade carried out by West African civilizations was primarily based on an exchange of (1) gold and salt (2) ivory and silk (3) silver and tea (4) hardwoods and animal skins

14. June 2012 Which factor contributed to Mali becoming a wealthy kingdom? (1) enforcement of mercantilist policies (2) alliances with the Hanseatic League (3) control of Mediterranean trade routes (4) dominance of the gold and salt trade

15. Aug 2013 Which description best fits the kingdoms of Ghana and Songhai? (1) vassal states of Egypt (2) trading states of West Africa (3) micro-states of Southeast Asia (4) tributary states of China

16. Aug 2013 Which achievement is most closely associated with Mansa Musa of Mali? (1) an increase in the influence of Islam and Islamic culture (2) the discovery of diamonds in the Congo (3) the defeat and capture of Cairo (4) an exclusive trade agreement with European merchants

17. Jan 2010

18. Jan 2011 Which statement is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca. (2) Mali would have flourished without Mansa Musa’s influence. (3) Mali’s economy was based on the gold and salt trade. (4) Timbuktu became a center for Islamic learning.

19. January 2011 Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta are best known for (1) exploring the Western Hemisphere (2) leading religious movements (3) opening trade between Africa and Japan (4) providing extensive information about lands and people

20. Aug 2013 Trade along the Silk Roads and the trans- Saharan trade routes resulted in (1) elimination of all traditional beliefs (2) a movement toward decolonization (3) the Columbian exchange (4) cultural diffusion between different societies

21. June 2013 Conquered Ghana Experienced a golden age under Mansa Musa Built mosques and schools in Timbuktu Which civilization is most directly associated with these descriptions? (1) Axum (3) Kush (2) Benin (4) Mali

22. Jan 2012 The kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai prospered primarily due to their (1) exchanges with Indian ports (2) direct access to the Arabian Sea (3) control of trade routes (4) abundance of diamonds

23. January 2013 - DBQ Throughout history, the need and desire for certain products has led to long-lasting effects on people, societies, and regions. Some of these products include salt, sugar, and cotton. Task: Choose two products mentioned in the historical context and for each Explain why people needed or desired this product Discuss how this product influenced a people, a society, and/or a region

24. Sui and Tang China Sui – Grand Canal linking Yellow and Yangzi Rivers. Tang – technology (woodblock printing, gun powder), expanded over the Silk Road created tribute states of Korea (land-bridge) and Vietnam, Buddhism. Social structure favored scholar gentry, then peasants over merchants Trade of tea, silk and porcelain

25. Song China Neo-Confucianism replaces Buddhism, foot binding northern borders invaded so move south to Yangtze – better for rice growing – population increases, more sea trade through spice islands, golden age. hire Mongols to protect them from barbarians.

26. Aug 2011

27. Jan 2010 Which culture is credited with the development of gunpowder, the abacus, and the compass? (1) Chinese (3) Indian (2) Persian (4) Japanese

28. June 2012

29. June 2010 China’s image of itself as the Middle Kingdom is associated with (1) welcoming foreign ideas and influences (2) mixing Western religions with traditional Chinese philosophies (3) controlling how contact occurs with other cultures (4) building the Grand Canal to expand trade within China

30. June 2010 Which achievements are most closely associated with the Tang and Song dynasties of China? (1) wheel and stirrup (2) chinampas and calendar (3) gunpowder and movable wooden type (4) mosaics and domes

31. June 2012 One role Korea had in the development of East Asia was (1) protecting China from a Japanese invasion along China’s western frontier (2) challenging Japan for control of Southeast Asian islands (3) allying itself with the Vietnamese to conquer China (4) passing cultural ideas from China to Japan

32. June 2013 Which concept is best illustrated by this diagram? (1) dynastic cycle (3) social hierarchy (2) guild system (4) cultural diffusion

33. Mongols Genghis Khan – 1206 – uses terrorism and feint retreat (horses, stirrups, and bow-arrow) to unite pastoralist. Reason for conquest – using up grass lands for animals, ecological and economic threat. Broken into 4 khanates upon death – Golden Horde cuts off Russia from rest of Europe (makes it isolated from Renaissance advances), move capital from Kiev to Moscow – more authoritarian czars Polytheistic but blendable – adopted Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, no writing Tried to take over Japan – twice but failed due to kamikaze winds and leaky Korean boats.

34. Aug 2010 The leadership of Genghis Khan, the use of the stirrup, and excellent horsemanship skills all contributed directly to the (1) collapse of Silk Road trade (2) defeat of Tokugawa Japan (3) beginning of European exploration (4) rise of the Mongol Empire

35. Mongol – Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan takes over China, using siege warfare and catapults Creates Pax Mongolia (golden age) by restoring Silk Road trade, but Bubonic Plague spreads in 1350s Foreign visitors like Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta write diaries (primary sources) about travels. Kept distinctions between Mongols and Chinese – no intermarriage Favors foreigners over Confucian scholars for bureaucracy (no civil service test) – but uses language and mandate of heaven concept, kept local Chinese in office if they were proven efficient and loyal Will be replaced by Ming after time of piracy, famine and economic decline

36. January 2013 One important impact of the Mongol expansion across Asia and Europe was the (1) increased authority of the Kievan princes (2) rise in trade along the Silk Roads (3) introduction of Hinduism into Chinese culture (4) maritime exploration of the Arabian seacoast

37. June 2012 Which areas did the Mongols conquer and incorporate into their empire? (1) China, Russia, and Iran (2) Axum, Zimbabwe, and West Africa (3) Spain, France, and Egypt (4) Japan, India, and eastern Europe

38. Aug 2011 For a variety of reasons, groups have set out to conquer other regions or people using various methods of force. These groups include the Mongols, the Spanish, and the Ottoman. Their conquests have had an impact on both the conqueror and the conquered. Explain a reason for the conquest Explain how the conquest was achieved Discuss an impact of the conquest

39. Japan Geography – archipelago, mountains (terrace farming), volcanic, lacks natural resources, close to China (via land-bridge of Korea) for cultural borrowings Shinto religion and Haiku – emphasis on nature/ Zen Buddhism introduced Feudal Structure – Yamato emperor, shogun (military leader), daimyo (landed aristocracy), samurai (knights) with code of conduct – bushido

40. Jan 2010 A similarity between Shinto in Japan and animism in African societies is that both (1) use the Torah to establish law codes (2) stress the importance of the Eightfold Path (3) believe that spirits exist in nature (4) base social rank on a caste system

41. Jan 2011 One way in which knights, samurai, and warlords are similar is that they all (1) were traditional religious leaders (2) occupied military posts in the Chinese Empire (3) expelled the Moors from Spain (4) held positions of power in feudal systems

42. Aug 2013 Which statement about feudalism in Japan is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Samurai were expected to follow a code of conduct known as bushido. (2) A rigid social hierarchy led to limited social mobility. (3) The Tokugawa period was probably the most peaceful period. (4) The shogun was the supreme military leader.

43. Early Islamic Empires Muhammad founder of Islam is 622 – unites Bedouins merchants, hears voice of Allah – records his words in Koran. Five Pillars created (only one God, pray 5x, fast during Ramadan, pilgrimage or hajj to Mecca, give alms) Year 1 is hejira to Medina (first mosque located) then jihad against Mecca in 632. Dies without heirs – causes schism between Sunni and Shiite over who gets to be caliph

44. Spread quickly because could not attack traders of same faith, took advantages of weaknesses of Persian and Byzantines, unified Arab nationalism ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

45. Muslim Empires Spanish Moors Abbasids hire Seljuks to protect borders Seljuks take over holy land of Christians causing call for 1 st Crusade in 1095

46. Muslim Contribution Lots of trade of luxury goods – then weapons Preserved Greek and Roman culture Medicine, algebra, astrolabe Banking and “flying money” (i.e. credit) Women wear burqa and are isolated Art – no images of Allah, geometric designs, attention to mosques – like Dome of Rock in Jerusalem ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

47. Jan 2010 One similarity between the Gupta Empire and the Arab dynasties of the Islamic Golden Age is that they (1) made advances in mathematics and literature (2) gained wealth by obtaining gold from the Americas (3) stressed the importance of dharma and karma (4) controlled territories around the Mediterranean seacoast

48. January 2011 Creation of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad Development of algebra Use of calligraphy as an art form Which Golden Age is most closely associated with these achievements? (1) Islamic (3) Tang (2) Gupta (4) Songhai

49. Aug 2011 Which historical period is associated with the concept of zero, the development of a handbook on medicine, and the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam? (1) European Renaissance (2) Golden Age of Islam (3) Songhai Empire (4) Age of Pericles

50. Jan 2014 Which statement about the Islamic Golden Age is a fact rather than an opinion? (1) Islamic medicine was more advanced than Chinese medicine. (2) Poetry and literature were more important fields of study for Muslims than was mathematics. (3) Knowledge of astronomy was used by Muslims to fulfill religious obligations. (4) Islamic philosophies relied less on Greek philosophical masters than on Indian philosophical masters.

51. Jan 2013 Which achievements are most closely associated with the Golden Age of Islamic culture? (1) mosques, medical books, and algebra (2) gunpowder, pagodas, and silk (3) aqueducts, roads, and polytheistic temples (4) columns, theory of a sun-centered universe, and democracy Which statement accurately describes the actions of Muslims during the Crusades? (1) Most Muslims converted to Christianity. (2) Muslims attacked and conquered Constantinople. (3) Muslims defended Jerusalem because it was sacred to them. (4) Many Muslims visited Europe for the first time to obtain luxury goods.

52. August 2012 Islamic scholars made significant contributions to astronomy. Muslim architects excelled in design. Schools and libraries were built in Islamic urban centers. Which conclusion about Islamic society during its Golden Age can best be supported by these statements? (1) Social status of Muslims was determined at birth. (2) Achievements relied on a knowledge of math and science. (3) People of diverse faiths were required to convert to Islam. (4) Cities developed self-sufficient economies.

53. Byzantine Europe Eastern half of Roman Empire Capital at Constantinople – strategic location for control of Black Sea and Mediterranean trade. Preserved Greek and Roman culture Justinian’s Code of Law and built Hagia Sophia ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

54. June 2011

55. Aug 2010 Which historic figure is correctly paired with the empire he ruled? (1) Charlemagne — Spanish Empire (2) Peter the Great — Ottoman Empire (3) Justinian — Byzantine Empire (4) Sulieman the Magnificent — Russian Empire

56. Jan 2011 Which development is most closely associated with the beginning of the Byzantine Empire? (1) emergence of the Russian Orthodox Church (2) division of the Roman Empire (3) building of the Hagia Sophia (4) fall of Constantinople

57. Aug 2012 Which region had the greatest influence on the historical and cultural development of the Byzantine Empire? (1) Mesoamerica (3) Rome (2) India (4) Egypt

58. Jan 2014 Which sequence places these laws in the correct chronological order? (1) Code of Hammurabi → Justinian Code →Napoleonic Code → Twelve Tables (2) Justinian Code → Twelve Tables →Napoleonic Code → Code of Hammurabi (3) Code of Hammurabi → Twelve Tables →Justinian Code → Napoleonic Code (4) Twelve Tables → Napoleonic Code → Code of Hammurabi → Justinian Code

59. Aug 2013 The strategic location of the Byzantine Empire allowed control of the key trade routes between The (1) South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca (2) Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean (3) North Sea and the English Channel (4) Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

60. Byzantine Influence on Russia Orthodox Christian schism with Catholic church in 1054. Russian Vikings convert – St. Cyril creates alphabet for them, gain title “Czar” and autocratic (absolutist) power 1095 threatened by Seljuks – ask for help from Catholic Pope Urban II 1453 – Ottoman, Mehmet II, destroys Constantinople with cannon. Hagia Sophia now turned into mosque

61. January 2012 The Byzantine Empire influenced the development of Russia by (1) preventing Mongol invasions (2) destroying the power of the legislature (3) establishing the potato as a staple food (4) introducing Eastern Orthodox beliefs

62. Jan 2010 Cyrillic alphabet adopted for use in Russia. Russians accepted the teachings of the Orthodox Christian Church. Onion-shaped domes dotted the skyline of Kievan Russia. Which term is most closely associated with these statements? (1) ethnocentrism (3) cultural diffusion (2) interdependence (4) colonialism

63. Jan 2011 In what way did the rivers of Russia influence its history? (1) They provided a network for trade between the Byzantine Empire and Russia. (2) They allowed Japan to defeat Russia in the Russo- Japanese War. (3) They were used by Napoleon to invade Russia. (4) They gave the Mongols a route to conquer Russia.

64. August 2011 The Russian Orthodox Church developed as a result of Russia’s cultural interactions with which group? (1) Byzantines (3) Vikings (2) Muslims (4) Huns

65. Jan 2013

66. June 2012

67. June 2013 The introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet and Orthodox Christianity to Russia is most closely associated with (1) Viking conquests (2) Byzantine missionaries (3) Alexander the Great’s armies (4) Ottoman expansion

68. Jan 2014 The early eastern European Slavic civilization at Kiev adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and certain styles of art and architecture as a result of (1) wars with Japan (2) conquests by Mongol invaders (3) visits to western European countries (4) trade with the Byzantine Empire

69. Medieval Europe Feudalism – decentralized political system created after collapse of strong central authority of Roman Empire – Mutual obligations of knight for military service and homage in exchange for lord’s fief – Code of chivalry – Highly stratified society based on birth Manorialism – self-sufficient economic system based on farming 3 fields (one fallow) where serfs labor for protection from Vikings/raids Catholic Church plays central role in Medieval Life and Politics

70. January 2010 What is a primary characteristic of a feudal society? (1) a representative government (2) economic equality for all (3) protection of individual rights (4) an exchange of land for services

71. Aug 2010 Which condition characterized Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire and China after the fall of the Manchu dynasty? (1) weak centralized authority and interference from outsiders (2) renewed interest in artistic pursuits such as painting and sculpture (3) democratic rule and a coordinated economic policy (4) increased construction of roads, bridges, and other public works

72. Jan 2012 An economic reason for the institution of serfdom was to maintain (1) an educated citizenry (2) a stable workforce (3) overseas trade (4) religious uniformity

73. Aug 2013 Which statement best characterizes Europe during the early Middle Ages? (1) A centralized government provided law and order. (2) Manorialism developed to meet the people’s economic needs. (3) People adopted humanism and questioned the Church. (4) A standardized currency promoted international trade

74. June 2013

75. Jan 2013 Which economic system is most closely associated with the activities shown in this art work? (1) manorialism (3) communism (2) capitalism (4) socialism With which historical setting is this art work most closely associated? (1) Japan—Tokugawa shogunate (2) Middle East—Abbasid dynasty (3) Western Europe—Middle Ages (4) India—Mughal Empire

76. Aug 2011 In the European feudal system under manorialism, what is the most significant economic commodity? (1) livestock (3) gold and silver (2) land (4) sugar and spices

77. Aug 2010

78. Aug 2012

79. Medieval European events Battle of Tours – stopped Muslim advance Charlemagne (800s) crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo, tithing started, missi dominici (spies to check on condition of empire) – divided empire btw grandsons 1095 – Pope Urban II calls for crusades at Council of Clermont to restore Holy Land taken by Muslim Seljuks. Fail to permanently regain, but opens trade and increased cultural diffusion and spread of ideas. (money economy and increased travel) Hundred Years War btw France & England – new technology cannons and long-bow, Joan of Arc – France wins, pushes England into civil War of the Roses Bubonic Plague (Black Death) – 1350s kills about 1/3 of population – followed trade routes from Asia.

80. Jan 2012 One long-term effect of the Crusades was the (1) development of Pax Mongolia (2) fall of the Ming dynasty (3) control of Jerusalem by Europeans (4) growth of trade and towns in western Europe

81. Aug 2011 Speaker A: We must fight to keep control of Jerusalem in the hands of those who believe in Allah. Speaker B: Come and battle while there is still time to protect the Holy Land where Christ walked. Speaker C: We must go forth to heal the split between the churches. Speaker D: An investment in ships and knights will yield control of profitable trade routes. 12 Which speaker expresses a Muslim perspective during the Crusades? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 13 Which speaker is expressing an economic motive for the Crusades? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

82. June 2011

83. Aug 2010 The basic idea of this book is simple: to tell the story of the Crusades as they were seen, lived, and recorded on ‘the other side’—in other words, in the Arab camp. Its content is based almost exclusively on the testimony of contemporary Arab historians and chroniclers.... — Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, Al Saqi Books This passage indicates that the author’s emphasis is on (1) cause and effect (3) reenactment (2) chronological order (4) point of view

84. Aug 2013 Theme: Conflict—Armed Conflict Throughout history, armed conflicts have begun for various reasons. These conflicts have affected many countries and groups of people. Task: Select two armed conflicts and for each Describe the historical circumstances leading to this armed conflict Discuss the ways in which this armed conflict affected a specific group of people, a country, and/or a region You may use any examples of armed conflict from your study of global history and geography. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include the Peloponnesian War, the Crusades, the English civil war,

85. Jan 2014 Charlemagne’s 9th century empire covered territory which today would include the countries of (1) Poland and Russia (2) Spain and Portugal (3) France and Germany (4) Ireland and the United Kingdom

86. Jan 2011

87. Jan 2014 In general, in which direction did the Black Death spread during the 14th century? (1) from Europe to the Americas (2) from Africa to Southeast Asia (3) from Asia to Europe (4) from the Americas to Asia

88. June 2012 During the 14th century, the Black Death became a widespread epidemic primarily because of (1) the resurgence of trade (2) Chinese overseas exploration (3) European colonial policies (4) new agricultural practices

89. Aug 2011 The bubonic plague affected economic development in medieval times by (1) encouraging the introduction of new types of crops (2) causing production to decline and prices to rise (3) sparking the ideas of socialism and reform (4) destroying the guild system

90. Aug 2013 As the Black Death spread in the mid-14th century, which region tended to experience the greatest loss of life? (1) rural farms (3) remote villages (2) urban areas (4) mountainous areas

91. January 2013 What was a direct result of the Black Death in Europe? (1) The rate of urbanization increased. (2) A shortage of workers developed. (3) Food crops had to be imported from the Americas. (4) German states dominated trade in the eastern Mediterranean.

92. June 2011 Which action is linked to the spread of the Black Death to Europe during the 14th century? (1) trade with Asia (2) conquest of Japan (3) trade across the Sahara (4) exploration of the Western Hemisphere

93. June 2011 During the European Middle Ages, guilds were created to (1) obtain better working conditions in factories (2) standardize goods and prices (3) regulate the money supply (4) increase competition

94. Medieval Church Pope is leader from Papal State – (now Vatican) Collected tithes – used for monks (orphanage, hospitals, schools) Illuminated manuscripts copied Built Gothic Cathedrals with flying buttresses Concerns – simony, lay investiture, indulgences, involvement in secular (worldly) matters – Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism because refuse to pay taxes – two popes

95. June 2010 Which institution served as the primary unifying force in medieval western Europe? (1) legislature (3) monarchy (2) church (4) military