1. Kathleen Stassen Berger Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A. 1 Part VIII Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development Chapter Twenty-Four The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 The impaired Dementia The Optimal: New Cognitive Development

2. 2 Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development “By the end of adulthood, physical impairment, reduced perception, decreased energy, and slower reactions take an increasing toll.” Late-adulthood cognition is too complex to be captured in a brief social conversation.

3. 3 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Information-Processing Approach breaking down cognition into the steps of –input (sensing) –storage (memory) –program (control process) –output –“a perspective that compares human thinking processes to computer analysis of data.

4. 4 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Sensing and Perceiving –stimuli becomes information, perceived by the mind, which must cross the sensory threshold

5. 5 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Attention Deficits –sensory-input problems—people miss information without realizing it –cognition depends on perception, and perception depends on sensation –one way to predict an older person’s intellect may be to measure vision, hearing, or smell

6. 6 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Interference –is thought to be a major impediment to effective and efficient cognition in the elderly –reduced sensory input affects cognition by increasing the effects of interference

7. 7 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Memory –storage refers to memory in the information-processing model of cognition

8. 8 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 –Working Memory the capacity to keep information in mind while processing it, evaluating, calculating, inferring etc. functions as both a repository and a processor –Dual-Task Deficit performance of one task is impeded by interference from the simultaneous performance of another task

9. 9 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Long-Term Memory –the component of the information processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely knowledge base –a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

10. 10 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Selective Memory –in areas not related to expertise, selective deficits in long-term memory appear

11. 11 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Control Processes –part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information –memory and retrieval strategies, selective attention, and rules or strategies for problem solving are all useful control processes

12. 12 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Analysis –an aspect of impaired analysis is that the elderly are more likely to stick to preconceived ideas rather than consider and change their minds

13. 13 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Retrieval –another control process, the ability to recall the name of childhood acquaintance, worsens with age

14. 14 Reminding People of What They Know Priming –preparation that makes it easier to perform some action—retrieval from memory is easier if we are given a clue Explicit Memory –is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test), usually with words –involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts Implicit Memory –unconscious or automatic memory-- stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations

15. 15 Brain Slowdown the elderly react more slowly than young adults reduced production of neurotransmitters speed is crucial for many aspects of cognition, especially working memory, since information stays in working memory for only a short time

16. 16 Staying Healthy and Alert secondary aging—illness and conditions— that affect one person but not another –is a major reason for the remarkable variation in intellectual ability between one older person and another

17. 17 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Ageism –cognitive decline is rooted not in the older person’s body and brain but in the surrounding social context –cultural attitudes can lead directly to age differences in cognition

18. 18 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Stereotype Threat –does most harm when individuals internalize other people’s prejudices and react with helplessness –because they have internalized the idea that old age always bring dementia, that fear may become a stereotype threat, undermining normal thinking

19. 19 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Ageism Among Scientist –scientists measure age differences in memory in the same way they studied memory in general—in laboratories –these factors work against older adults, who tend to perform best in familiar settings

20. 20 The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 Beyond Ageism

21. 21 The Impaired: Dementia the pathological loss of brain function — literally, “out of mind,” referring to severely impaired judgment irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old

22. 22 The Impaired: Dementia Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) –the most common cause of dementia, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality –marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles in the brain

23. 23 Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease gender, ethnicity, and especially age affect a person’s odds of developing Alzheimer’s disease fewer East Asians than Europeans develop the disorder less common among those of African descent, but life expectancy is far lower in Africa

24. 24 Alzheimer’s Stages Usually runs through a progressive course of five identifiable stages, beginning with forgetfulness and ending in death

25. 25 Alzheimer’s Stages 1 – confused with normal aging 2 – generalized confusion—deficits in concentration and short-term memory 3 – memory loss becomes dangerous 4 – need full-time care 5 – unresponsive, no longer talking stages take 10 to 15 years

26. 26 Strokes the second most common cause of dementia repeated brain damage leads to: –vascular dementia (VaD), also called multi-infarct dementia (MID) characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels

27. 27 Subcotical Dementias Begin with impairments in motor ability (which is governed by the subcortex) and produce cognitive impairment in later stages Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Multiple Sclerosis –Parkinson’s Disease characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity caused by a reduction of dopamine production in the brain

28. 28 Reversible Dementia –caused by medication, inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse, depression, or other mental illness can sometimes be reversed

29. 29 Reversible Dementia Overmedication and Undernourishment –without considering interaction, many drugs commonly taken by the elderly slow down mental processes –inadequate nutrition is connected to overmedication, many medications reduce absorption of vitamins

30. 30 The Impaired: Dementia Psychological Illness –elderly people have a lower incidence of psychological disorders—the rate of anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression are lower after age 65

31. 31 The Impaired: Dementia Prevention and Treatment –there is no cure or prevention for dementia –many lifestyle factors that slow down senescence also delay the onset of dementia

32. 32 The Optimal: New Cognitive Development older people are more interested than young in the arts, in children, and in human experiences the elderly are “social witnesses” to life aware of interdependent of the generations there are gains and losses at every stage of life

33. 33 The Optimal: New Cognitive Development Aesthetic Sense and Creativity –elderly people seem to gain a greater appreciation of nature and aesthetic experience

34. 34 The Optimal: New Cognitive Development The Life Review –an examination of one’s own part in life, engaged in by many elderly people

35. 35 The Optimal: New Cognitive Development Wisdom –a cognitive perspective characterized by a broad, practical, comprehensive approach to life’s problems, reflecting timeless truths rather than immediate expediency—seems to be more common in the elderly than in the young