1. Civilization in Africa

2. I. Africa's Geography Has Many Contrasts LandLand Rain Forest (Congo Basin) near the Equator 1/5th of continent- Hottest & Wettest Region of the ContinentRain Forest (Congo Basin) near the Equator 1/5th of continent- Hottest & Wettest Region of the Continent 2. Sudan - Dry Grasslands – desertification2. Sudan - Dry Grasslands – desertification 3. Savanna: 2/5th (north of the Congo)3. Savanna: 2/5th (north of the Congo) 4. Deserts: 1/3rd4. Deserts: 1/3rd

3. Land continued 5. Mountains5. Mountains 6. Great Rift Valley: 600 miles long/60 miles wide on East coast6. Great Rift Valley: 600 miles long/60 miles wide on East coast - Eastern Africa containing Mt. Kilimanjaro- Eastern Africa containing Mt. Kilimanjaro 7. Most of the south plateau7. Most of the south plateau - -

4. Rivers 1. Nile River - North Nile - Egypt (3200 B.C.) & South Nile - Kush (2000 B.C.)1. Nile River - North Nile - Egypt (3200 B.C.) & South Nile - Kush (2000 B.C.)– 2. Niger River - Home of many African trading empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai,)2. Niger River - Home of many African trading empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai,) - - 3. Zaire River – Congo Bain area in rainforest3. Zaire River – Congo Bain area in rainforest 4. Zambezi River – from south/central to east4. Zambezi River – from south/central to east

5. Society Lineage:Lineage: stateless society: no centralized government but power balanced amoung lineages so no 1 family had too much controlstateless society: no centralized government but power balanced amoung lineages so no 1 family had too much control patrilineal –patrilineal – matrilineal -matrilineal -

6. Kush Kush Inherits The Power Of Ancient Egypt (Self Rule 800 B.C. - 350 A.D.)Kush Inherits The Power Of Ancient Egypt (Self Rule 800 B.C. - 350 A.D.) 1. area in the great bend of the middle Nile River is called Nubia.1. area in the great bend of the middle Nile River is called Nubia. 2.2. 3.3. 4. Kushite Kings ruled Egypt from (730 - 671 B.C.)4. Kushite Kings ruled Egypt from (730 - 671 B.C.) –.–.–.–. 5. Egypt’s Foreign Rulers5. Egypt’s Foreign Rulers - - 6. By 1200 B.C. the Pharaoh's power again began to weaken.- 6. By 1200 B.C. the Pharaoh's power again began to weaken. - 7. Kushites Set Up A New Capital At Meroe. In 540 BC7. Kushites Set Up A New Capital At Meroe. In 540 BC 1.).1.). 2.)2.) 3.)3.) 8. Kush remains in power until the are conquered by Axum in 350 A.D.8. Kush remains in power until the are conquered by Axum in 350 A.D.

7. Axum 1.City State established between 600 to 500 B.C.1.City State established between 600 to 500 B.C. 2. Strong trading state2. Strong trading state 3. Traders3. Traders 4. Christianity4. Christianity “Ge’ez”“Ge’ez”

8. Sudanic States Ghana:- (300 - 1076 A.D.)Ghana:- (300 - 1076 A.D.) 1.trade empire rose in the east1.trade empire rose in the east 2. people were the Soninke and the state became was Ghana.2. people were the Soninke and the state became was Ghana. -.-. 3. Ruler of the Soninke was called Ghana or "King of the Gold"3. Ruler of the Soninke was called Ghana or "King of the Gold" -.-. KumbiKumbi 4. Muslims from northern Africa invaded Ghana from 1054 to 1076.4. Muslims from northern Africa invaded Ghana from 1054 to 1076.

9. Sudanic States Mali:- (1230 - 1468 A.D.)Mali:- (1230 - 1468 A.D.) In the 11th century its leaders converted to Islam.In the 11th century its leaders converted to Islam. 1. In 1230, Mali greatly expanded, built a new capital and re- organized trade.1. In 1230, Mali greatly expanded, built a new capital and re- organized trade.. 2. Leaders2. Leaders * > In 1311> In 1311 - - Mansa Musa (1312-1332)- Mansa Musa (1312-1332) >.>. > -> -

10. Sudanic States Songhai:- (1468 - 1590 A.D.)Songhai:- (1468 - 1590 A.D.) 1. Sunni Ali (1468-1492)1. Sunni Ali (1468-1492) 2. The Songhai2. The Songhai 3. Askia Mohammed (1493-1528)3. Askia Mohammed (1493-1528) 4. Songhai were conquered by the Moroccans using firearms in 1590.4. Songhai were conquered by the Moroccans using firearms in 1590. -.-. With the decline of the Songhai, trade routes in Africa changed.With the decline of the Songhai, trade routes in Africa changed. –.–.–.–.

11. Bantu Peoples Migrate Bantu-Speaking Peoples Migrate East and SouthBantu-Speaking Peoples Migrate East and South 1.1. 2.2..3. From 300 B.C..3. From 300 B.C. - created better tools, weapons

12. Central Africa The Luba Build a Network of Bantu StatesThe Luba Build a Network of Bantu States A. Three major states were created by the migrant Bantu.A. Three major states were created by the migrant Bantu. 1.)1.) 2.)2.) 3.)3.)

13. Great Zimbabwe:- A. By 1000 A.D. Bantu herders and farmers settled on the fertile plain between the Zambezi and Limpopo river.A. By 1000 A.D. Bantu herders and farmers settled on the fertile plain between the Zambezi and Limpopo river. 1..1.. 2..2.. 3.3.

14. Trade links Africa and Arabia 1st Century - Merchants moving between Arabia and Africa.1st Century - Merchants moving between Arabia and Africa. 7th Century.7th Century. 10th Century –10th Century – Bantu and Arabs intermarriedBantu and Arabs intermarried Except in Ethiopia, Islam spread along the eastern coast.Except in Ethiopia, Islam spread along the eastern coast. Swahili developed using Bantu grammar and many Arabic words.Swahili developed using Bantu grammar and many Arabic words.

15. Trade Supports City-States In Eastern Africa East African City-States Lose Their IndependenceEast African City-States Lose Their Independence 1. In 1497 Europeans invaded.1. In 1497 Europeans invaded. 2. This begins the European invasions & ruins the trade and culture of the east

16. Slave Trade Inside of AfricaInside of Africa TradeTrade Arabia’s interestArabia’s interest –East Africa: Persia, Ottoman Empire, India European interestEuropean interest –Portuguese 1 st –For plantations

17. To the Americas South AmericaSouth America Major trading productMajor trading product Western Africa inwardWestern Africa inward Evolution of African Slavery – cheap labor for EuropeEvolution of African Slavery – cheap labor for Europe

18. Triangular Trade A.Trade routes B.Middle Passage: the West Indies and Americas 1.auctioned to highest bidder 2.resistance C. From Europe to Africa: D. Africa to the Americas: E. Americas to Europe:

19. The effects of the Slaves trade on Africa Economy took the most important economic resourceEconomy took the most important economic resource