1. The Rise of Rome

4. The City of Rome Built on 7 hills with the Tiber River running near
The city was easily defendable, but also easily accessible for trade

5. How did the geography of Italy differ from that of Greece?
The mountains of Italy were not as rugged as those in Greece. This allowed for less isolation than in Greece. Italy also had better farmland than Greece.

6. Historians estimate that the community of people who would build Rome banded together sometime between 800 and 700 B.C.

7. The Etruscans The Etruscans came from Etruria, an area north of Rome
They moved south in 650 B.C. and took control of Rome and most of Latium

8. What influences did the Etruscans have on Rome?
Changed Rome from a village of straw-roofed huts to a city of brick and wood buildings
They laid out streets, temples , and public buildings around a central square
Taught new styles of dress (togas)
Influenced Roman military

9. The Legends and Myths of the Start of Rome
Romulus and Remus
753 B.C.
The Aeneid by Virgil
1000 B.C.

11. What is a republic?
A form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen, but someone put in office by citizens with the right to vote.

12. Two Main Classes of Rome
Patricians
Nobles or wealthy landowners
Rome’s ruling class
Plebeians
Artisans, shopkeepers, and small farm owners
The majority of Rome’s population were comprised of people from this class

13. How was Roman government divided?
Rome had a tripartite, or three part government
One part ran the government, one made laws, and a third acted as judges
What action did the Plebeians take against the Patricians in 494 B.C.?
The Plebeians went on strike by refusing to serve in the military and many left the city to begin a republic of their own.

14. What was the role of a Roman dictator?
Had complete control of the state, but ruled on a temporary basis during emergencies
What became the basis for all future Roman laws?
The Twelve Tables

15. Who founded the state of Carthage and why was it so important?
The Phoenicians
Largest and richest trading city in the western Mediterranean
In what years were the Punic Wars fought?
264 B.C. to 146 B.C.

16. Hannibal and the Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage
During the second Punic War, Carthage sent one of their greatest generals to attack Rome in 218 B.C.
Hannibal’s troop landed in southern Spain and attacked Rome from the north

18. Hannibal’s Elephants

19. How did the army change after 107 B.C.?
It changed from citizen volunteers to paid professional soldiers.

21. Roman farmers were becoming poor in the 100s B.C.
Small farms were damaged during Punic Wars
Small farmers could not compete with large farming estates (latifundia), and the slave labor
High debt
Reforms were proposed to counteract the problem of poverty in Rome
They proposed that the Senate take public land from the rich and divide it among landless Romans

22. Discuss in your table groups
How do you feel about the idea of the government taking things that you have, and giving them to other people that don’t?
Would this ever be a good system to have?
What are the pros and cons?

23. Gaius Marius Roman military general
Elected as a consul 7 times beginning in 107 B.C.
His military success and legacy had a profound impact on the life of his nephew……………
Julius Caesar

24. Gaius Marius was continuously challenged by another Roman General, Sulla. This weakened the Council of Plebs and strengthened the Senate. Sulla’s use of military strength to seize governmental power inspired others to do the same, which led to years of civil wars in Rome.

25. Julius Caesar
During the Marius/Sulla struggle, Julius Caesar was proscribed by Sulla (put on a list to be executed) but he and his family were able to bribe them into a pardon. Around 81 B.C. (Age 19)
Remember, he is Marius’ nephew…

26. More Danger!!!
Julius Caesar was kidnapped by Sicilian pirates for ransom in 75 B.C (Age 25) He maintained a friendly relationship, playing games and joking, but all the while telling them he intended to track them down and kill them once he was released…

27. Julius Caesar played the game of Roman Politics for years
He charmed the crowds in the Forum with speeches.
Threw lavish parties for influential politicians
Borrowed money from “Crassus the Rich”

28. Some of his achievements
Obtained a seat in the Senate around 68 B.C. (Age 32)
Elected Pontifex Maximus (Chief Priest) in 63 B.C. (Age 37)
Soon became appointed governor of a province in Spain in 61 B.C. (Age 39) This could make him rich!!!

29. What is a triumvirate?
A political alliance of three people

30. The First Triumvirate
In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar joined with two other powerful men – Crassus (a rich man) and Pompey (military hero) and ruled Rome for 10 years. (Age 40-50)
They dominated politics and often bullied or bribed the Senate to attain their goals.

31. After declaring himself dictator for life, what sort of reforms did Julius Caesar make?
He granted citizenship to those living in Roman territories outside the Italian peninsula
Started colonies to provide land to the landless
Ordered people using slave labor to hire more free workers
Created the Julian calendar

32. Caesar Becomes Very Popular
With his soldiers…
because he endured the same hardships as his men and won many battles in Gaul

33. With the poor citizens….
because he was trying to make changes and he was a war hero – he would write back to Rome about all his successes

34. With the Senators?
No Way!!!
The Senators were watching him and concerned about his growing power…was he trying to be a KING

35. The Death of Caesar
Killed by Senators, chiefly Brutus, who was his friend, and Cassius
They were trying to “save the Republic” (it was already nearly dead)
March 15, 44 B.C. Age 56

36. The Republic Falls

37. What happens next….?
The Second Triumvirate formed to avenge Caesar’s death in 43 B.C. The following ruled for 10 years
Octavian – grand nephew of Caesar
Marc Antony –a general of the Roman military
Lepidus – a powerful politician
Later they also disband and become rivals creating the third Civil War.

38. Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

39. What was the Pax Romana?
The Roman Peace Period years of peace and prosperity in Rome beginning with Augustus

41. Created Praetorian Guard
Changes Under Augustus
Built permanent professional army of about 150,000
Rebuilt Rome with palaces, fountains, and public buildings
Imported grain from Africa to feed the poor
Reformed the Roman tax system
Created Praetorian Guard
Improved government by appointing proconsuls to each territory
Reformed the legal system

42. The Good Emperors
Nerva
A.D
Reformed land in favor of the poor
Revised Taxes
Trajan
A.D
Expanded the empire to its largest size
Built many new public works
Hadrian
A.D
Built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain
Made Roman laws easier to understand
Antoninus Pius
A.D
Promoted art and science
Built new public works
Passed laws to aid orphans
Marcus Aurelius
A.D
Helped unite the empire economically
Reformed Roman law
What are some things these rulers have in common? Why are they considered “good”?

43. What is an aqueduct?
A human made channel for carrying water long distances

46. How long was Rome’s road system during the Pax Romana?
50,000 miles
Currency
A system of money
All Roads Lead to Rome

47. Daily Life in Roman Empire
Ancient Roman Empire
*Write only what is in Red*

48. What was daily life like in Ancient Rome?
Law and Order
Religion
Family Life
Food and Drink
Housing
Education
Recreation
Country Life

49. Daily Life in Ancient Rome
A city of contrasts
Palaces and crammed apartments.
City Markets where men and women shopped.

50. Daily Life in Ancient Rome
Rich only a small part of Rome’s population.
Poor lived in filthy neighborhoods.
Children of the poor were lucky to live past 10.

51. Law and Order Romans believed in the rule of law.
Roman law was strict, but crime was common.
Rich men tried to hide their wealth.
Not all law was applied equally.

52. Religion Religion was important to Romans.
Romans wanted to please their gods.
Believed gods controlled their daily life.
If someone was sick, Romans would leave an offering.
Festivals and holidays held throughout the year.

53. Family Life The family was ruled by the father.
Roman men provided for the family.
In rich families men worked.
In poor families both men and women worked.

54. Family Life Babies were born at home.
They were named in a ceremony after 9 days.
Roman boys had a ceremony between ages
Roman girls had no ceremony and were married between

55. Food and Drink
What Romans ate depended on whether they were rich or poor.
Main foods were bread, beans, spices, vegetables, cheese and meats.

56. Housing Wealthy Romans lived in grand houses.
Mosaics and statues adorned the inside furnishings.

57. Rome Housing Many poor lived in small crowded tall apartments.
Poor cooked meals on portable grills which filled the room with smoke.
The apartments were cramped, noisy, and dirty.

58. Education Poor children were sent to work instead of school.
Wealthy children were tutored until seven and then went to school.

59. Recreation Wealthy Romans had lots of leisure time.
Both rich and poor males enjoyed the public baths.

60. Recreation Roman emperors gave the poor bread and circuses.
This included gladiator games and chariot races.

61. The Circus Maximus
A racetrack for 200,000 spectators to watch the chariot races.

62. Country LIfe 90% of the people lived in the country.
Wealthy Romans owned Villas.
Many country folks were not slaves but their lives were hard.
They lived in huts and worked trying to earn enough to survive.

63. Daily Life of a Roman Teen
Directions- You need a piece of paper
Step 1: Create a Venn Diagram to compare/contrast the lives of Rich vs. Poor Roman citizens.
4 similarities and 4 differences
Step 2: Using this information, create a diary entry of what your life is like as either a wealthy Roman or a poor Roman. Must be at least 5 sentences.