1. Medical Assisting Chapter 35
PowerPoint® to accompany
Medical Assisting Chapter 35
Second Edition
Ramutkowski  Booth  Pugh  Thompson  Whicker
Chapter 35
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. The Reproductive System
Objectives
35-1 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in this chapter.
35-2 List the organs of the male reproductive system and give the locations, structures, and functions of each.
35-3 Describe how sperm cells are formed.
35-4 List the actions of testosterone.
35-5 Describe the substances found in semen.
35-6 Explain the process of circumcision.

3. The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-7 Describe the processes or erection and ejaculation.
35-8 List the organs of the female reproductive system and give the locations, structures, and functions of each.
35-9 Explain how eggs develop.
35-10 List the actions of estrogen and progesterone.
35-11 Explain how and when ovulation occurs.

4. The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-12 Describe what happens to an egg after ovulation occurs.
35-13 List the purpose and events of the menstrual cycle.
35-14 Define menopause and explain what causes it.
35-15 Explain how and where fertilization occurs.
35-16 Describe the process of implantation.
35-17 Explain the difference between an embryo and a fetus.

5. The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-18 Describe the changes that occur to the mother during pregnancy.
35-19 Describe the birth process.
35-20 List several birth control methods and explain why they are effective.
35-21 List the causes and treatments of infertility.
35-22 List the most common sexually transmitted diseases and give the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of each.

6. The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-23 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various disorders of the male reproductive organs.
35-24 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various disorders of the female reproductive organs.

7. Click Pictures for Larger Views
Introduction
Male and female reproductive systems function together to produce offspring
Female reproductive system also nurtures a developing offspring
Male and female reproductive systems also produce a number of important hormones
Click Pictures for Larger Views

8. Female Reproductive System
Back
Name the structures that are unique to the female reproductive system?

9. Male Reproductive System
Back
Name the structures that are unique to the male reproductive system?

10. Male Reproductive System
Testes
Primary organs
Produces the sex cells (sperm) of the male
Produces male hormone testosterone
Scrotum – sac that holds the testes just below the pelvic cavity
Seminiferous tubules – on top of testes; filled with spermatogenic cells (sperm)

11. Male Reproductive System
Interstitial cells that make testosterone
Sperm cells do not mature until they go to the epididymis
Spermatogenesis

12. Apply Your Knowledge
Name two functions of the testes?

13. Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Name two functions of the testes?
To produce male hormone testosterone
To produce the sex cells (sperm)

14. Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia (46 chromosomes)
Mitosis makes-primary spermatocytes
At puberty meiosis divides to make two secondary spermatocytes
Divides - two spermatids = 4 spermatids
Develop flagella to become mature sperm cells with 23 chromosomes

15. Testosterone
Stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Chest hair
Thick facial hair
Enlarged muscles
Enlarged bones
Thickening of vocal cords that produces a deep voice
Stimulates the maturation of male reproductive organs

16. Semen Mixture of sperm cells
Fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands.
Is alkaline and contains nutrients and prostaglandins.
One milliliter of sperm usually contains about 120 million sperm cells

17. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
Erectile tissue of the penis becomes engorged with blood, which produces the erection of the penis.
During orgasm, sperm cells are propelled out of the testes toward the urethra.
Fluids from the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands are also released into the urethra.
Ejaculation occurs when semen is forced out of the urethra.

18. Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Epididymitis - inflammation of an epididymis
Causes
Bacteria – especially those that cause gonorrhea and chlamydia
Use of certain medications
Placement of catheter in urethra
Treatment
Antibiotics for patient and sexual partner of patient
Pain medications

19. Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Erectile dysfunction (impotence) - cannot maintain an erect penis to complete sexual intercourse.
Causes by medical disorders or any of the following:
Low testosterone production
Anemia
Various medications
Smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption
Anxiety
Depression

20. Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Prostate cancer - third most common cause of cancer deaths in men of all ages; most frequently occurs in men over 40
Causes:
High levels of PSA in blood (a specific type of antigen)
Trouble urinating
Painful urination
Pain in lower back or abdomen
Pain during bowel movements

21. Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate gland
Causes
Bacterial infection
Catheter in urethra
Trauma to urethra or urinary bladder
Scarring of urethra or prostate due to frequent infections
Excess alcohol consumption

22. Apply Your Knowledge Your patient has an elevated PSA.
What may this indicate?

23. Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your patient has an elevated PSA.
What may this indicate?
Elevations of the PSA may indicate prostate cancer.

24. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Primary sex organs of the female since they produce the sex cells (eggs) of the female
Produce estrogen and progesterone
Two ovaries about 3.5 cm long and are located in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus

25. Oogenesis The process of egg cell formation:
At onset of puberty primary oocytes are stimulated to continue meiosis
Primary oocyte divides and becomes 1 polar body (a nonfunctional cell) and a secondary oocyte
Secondary oocyte is released from an ovary each month during ovulation.
If oocyte is fertilized, it divides to form a mature fertilized egg cell

26. Female Reproductive System
Internal Accessory Organs
Uterine tubes
Infundibulum
Uterus
Endometrium,
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Vagina
Internal Female Reproductive Organs
Click picture for larger view.

27. Internal Female Organs
Back

28. Hormonal Control Estrogen and progesterone:
Stimulate enlargement of reproductive organs
Production of secondary sex characteristics.
Breast development
Increased vascularization of the skin
Increased fat deposits in the breasts, thighs, and hips

29. Female Reproductive Cycle
Menstrual cycle is the regular changes in the uterine lining that leads to a monthly period or bleeding.
Anterior pituitary releases FSH.
FSH stimulates an ovarian follicle to mature
Maturing follicle secretes estrogen that causes the uterine lining to thicken

30. Female Reproductive Cycle
Anterior pituitary releases a sudden surge of LH that triggers ovulation
After ovulation, follicular cells of the follicle become a corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone which causes the uterine lining to become more vascular and glandular
Without fertilization of ovum, corpus luteum degenerates and estrogen and progesterone levels fall starting menses

31. Menopause
The termination of the menstrual cycle due to normal aging of the ovaries

32. Apply Your Knowledge
A young teenage patient is expressing concerns about her breasts not growing. What should you tell her?

33. Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
A young teenage patient is expressing concerns about her breasts not growing. What should you tell her?
You would tell her that her secondary sex characteristic of breast enlargement will occur as she continues into puberty. You also tell her that you will inform the physician of her concerns.

34. Fertilization
Egg is released from an ovary and travels through a uterine tube
Only one sperm usually unites with the egg to fertilize it
Releases enzymes that prevent other sperms from invading it

35. Implantation Embryonic period Rapid cell division known as cleavage
Ball of cells called a morula
Travels down the uterine tube to the uterus adds fluid called a blastocyst
Blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus

36. Prenatal Period Embryonic period Fetal period
weeks 2 through 8 of pregnancy
Fetal period
weeks 9 to delivery of offspring
growth of the offspring is rapid

37. Pregnancy
Cells of the embryo begin to secrete HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
HCG maintains the corpus luteum so it will continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone.
Placenta also secretes large amount of progesterone and estrogen.
Lactogen then stimulates the enlargement of the mammary glands.

38. Birth Process Birth process ends pregnancy
Begins when progesterone levels fall
Uterine contractions are no longer inhibited and the uterus secretes prostaglandins
Stimulates uterine contractions
Oxytocin stimulates strong uterine contractions until the birth process ends

39. Birth Control Methods Coitus interruptus Rhythm method
Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers
Oral contraceptives
Injectable contraception
Contraceptive implants
Intrauterine devices
Surgical methods

40. Infertility Inability to conceive a child Male causes: Impotence
Retrograde ejaculation
Low or absent sperm count
Use of various medications or drugs
Decreased testosterone production
Scarring of male reproductive tract from sexually transmitted diseases

41. Infertility (cont.) Inability to conceive a child Female causes:
Scarring of uterine tubes from sexually transmitted diseases
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Inadequate diet
Lack of ovulation
Lack of menstrual cycles
Endometriosis

42. Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant, but she does not understand why she could get pregnant. She states, “ I have been using the rhythm method of birth control very carefully.” What patient teaching would you do to assist her to understand?

43. Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant, but she does not understand why she could get pregnant. She states, “ I have been using the rhythm method of birth control very carefully.” What patient teaching would you do to assist her to understand?
The rhythm method is not as effective as other birth control, because it is sometime difficult to tell when ovulation occurs.

44. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STDs caused by bacteria
Chlamydia
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Herpes simplex 2
Crabs
Trichimonas

45. Diseases and Disorders - Female Reproductive System
Cancer
Breast
Cervical
Ovarian
Uterine
Treatment includes:
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Surgery to remove cancerous organ

46. Diseases and Disorders - Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Cervicitis - defined as inflammation of the cervix
Signs and Symptoms:
Frequent vaginal discharge
Pain during intercourse
Vaginal bleeding after intercourse

47. Diseases and Disorders - Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Dysmenorrhea - the condition of experience severe menstrual cramps that limit normal daily activities
Causes:
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Fibroid tumors in uterus
Endometriosis
Ovarian cysts
Abnormally high levels of prostaglandins
Multiple sexual partners

48. Diseases and Disorders - Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Endometriosis - a condition in which tissues that make up the lining of the uterus grow outside the uterus
Signs and symptoms:
Heavy bleeding from uterus
Infertility
Pain in abdomen or pelvis
Painful periods
Pain during sexual intercourse

49. Diseases and Disorders - Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Fibrocystic breast disease - the presence of abnormal tissue in the breasts
Fibroids - noncancerous tumors that grow in the uterine wall
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) - a collection of symptoms that occur about the same time as a menstrual period
Vaginitis - the condition of having an abnormal vaginal discharge

50. Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient has been diagnosed with endometriosis. What is the usual treatment for this disease?

51. Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your patient has been diagnosed with endometriosis. What is the usual treatment for this disease?
Pain medications, various hormone therapies, removal of uterus, laser surgery to remove endometrial tissue outside uterus or use of oral contraceptives.

52. Medical Assistant Summary
Knowledge of the reproductive system will assist you in providing care for the patient with diseases and disorders of the reproductive system.

53. End of Chapter
End of Chapter