1. Africa, India, And the new British Empire By: Chelsea Nash

2. Changes and Exchanges in Africa Before 1870: European imperialists built powerful new states or expanded old ones External slave trades decreased. Trade of palm oil, ivory, timber, gold increased from Africa

3. New States in Southern and Inland West Africa Conflict with grazing and farming lands caused military genius Shaka to create Zulu kingdom in 1818 Shaka (rule: 1818-1828) Raided African neighbors- took cattle, women and children For protection African neighbors made own states: ex. Swazi and Lesotho kingdom

4. … New States in Southern and inland west africa cont. Successful armies of movement conquered Hausa and neighboring areas under a caliph Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906): largest state in W. Africa since Songhai Muslim states were the centers of Islamic learning and reform Schools that were training boys in Quarnic subjects spread Sokoto leaders sold captives of jihad to Atlantic and trans- Saharan slave trade 10,000 slaves per year most were women and children Slavery increase in Sokoto Caliphate and new states in 1865 more slaves than any slaveholding state in Americas

5. Modernization and Expansion in Egypt Napoleon successor to Egypt = Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) Eliminated rivals (ruled 1805-1848) Political, social and economic reforms created modern Egypt Wanted military strength for defense against Europe Used European experts and techniques Transformed landholding, increased agricultural production, modern administration and army population doubled, trade with Europe up 600%, new class of educated and provided own textiles, paper, weapons and military uniforms

6. Trade in Coastal West Africa Trade between Africa and Atlantic continents doubled 1730-1780’s, doubled again by 1870 Slave trade ended during 1790’s humanitarians and religious reformers wanted slavery to end in 1808 Great Britain and USA made carrying and importing slaves from Africa illegal Africans expanded “Legitimate” trade to get European goods; most successful export palm oil which was used for soap and candles Slavery was harsh but offered some male and female slaves wealth and power

7. The Raj and the Rebellion (1818-1857) British raj wanted to remake India through administrative and social reform, Economic development,and introduction of new technology Raj created more jobs and drove Indians out of handicraft textile industry 18 th century India was the largest exporter of cotton textiles

8. Political Reform and Industrial Impact (1858-1900) Rebellion of 1857-1858 was a turning point in the history of modern India British eliminated traces of Mughal and Company rule Queen’s proclamation was all Indians have equal protection under the law and freedom to practice religious and social customs Most British officials were rasist to the ruled people the Govt. invested money into harbors, cities and irrigation canals Exported: Cotton fiber, opium, tea, silk, sugar Imported: Manufactured goods from Britain

9. Political Reform Cont. Indian govt. promoted new technologies Steamboats were a massive program of canal building for irrigation 1840’s railroads then telegraph lines Indians road trains to work, on pilgrimage and in search of work Poor Indians moving to cities spread cholera, transmitted through water contaminated by human feces: eventually spread to Europe Some believed “the black death”was punishment for allowing British to takeover

10. Rising Indian Nationalism (1828-1900) Some Indians believed, to overthrow Britain, they must reduce their country’s social and ethnic divisions and promote Indian nationalism New nationalists from middle class were educated and ambitious they were angered by obstacles British rules put in the way in 1885 the Indian National Congress created a larger role for Indians in civil service

11. Imperial Policies and Shipping British imperial expansion was due to trade not territory Instead of rebuilding a closed, mercantilist network of trade with colonies Britain wanted to trade freely with all parts of world Trading goods: ivory, vegetable oil, coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar, indigo dyes, cotton fibers Sailing Ship Iron fastening timber together for larger vessels Merchant ships less than 300 tons in 18 th century – after 1850 American built clipper ships were 2,000 tons with huge canvas sails made them faster than earlier vessels

12. New Labor Migrations 1834-1870: Indians, Chinese and Africans responded to labor recruiters to work overseas on sugar plantations When African’s left plantations due to long work hours Britain had to find new laborers Laborers served under contracts of denture and were paid small salary, provided housing, clothing, and medical care Most indentured migrants and contemporary emigrants from Europe had much in common

13. Conclusion Britain commercial expansion in 19 th century Product of Easterners’ demand for industrial manufactures Better and cheaper than handicrafts Industrialization Power shift to Europeans in 1750-1870: although local cultures and initiatives dominant Asians and Africans were powerless under European expansion they Used European education, technology and methods to transform society Leaders in Egypt, India, Russia, Ottoman Empire, China and Japan learned to challenge West power on own terms In 1870 Africans and Asians continued to shape own future