1. Lecture# 2 History of development of business tourism

2. Lecture objectives Identify the emergence of tourism and travel
Explore the main definitions in tourism

3. Do you know?
What is International Tourism?

4. Do you know? What is International Tourism?
UNWTO defines tourist as whom?

5. Definitions
1. International Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes across the borders of various countries.
2. The UNWTO defines tourists as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes

6. Defining Tourism
… the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. (WTO 1993, UNSTAT 1994)

7. Tourism is important, and in some cases, vital for many countries
Tourism is important, and in some cases, vital for many countries. It was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as:
"an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations.“

8. Business Tourism
Business tourism is the name given to all forms of tourism that are work-related, i.e. when people are not primarily motivated by recreational pursuits but travel because of their work, especially to attend meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions.
The abbreviation MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions) is sometimes used in business tourism to cover those four core market areas. Business tourism can occur domestically or internationally, at short haul or long haul ranges. According to the World Tourism Organisation, business tourism accounted for 16% or 120 million international tourist arrivals in The World Travel and Tourism Council estimated business travel spend for 2006 at $672 billion. Business tourism is particularly important for two sectors:

9. The message of the president of the Republic of Tajikistan to the parliament of RT
“ For adjustment of mutually advantageous relations in priority branches of the country including tourism there are enough possibilities and their effective utilization at all depends on increase in direct, internal and foreign investments, and also from inculcation of modern techniques and technologies”
Mr. President Emomali Rahmon.

10. Total volume of cross-border tourist travel
In 2011, there were 983 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 4.6% as compared to 2010.
In 2012 this rose to more than 1 billion international arrivals

11. Top 10 Tourism Destinations
Most-visited countries by international tourist arrivals
Top 10 Tourism Destinations
International Tourist Arrivals (2011)
In Million People 1
France
79.5 2
United States
62.3 3
China
57.6 4
Spain
56.7 5
Italy
46.1 6
Turkey
33.3 7
United Kingdom
29.2 8
Germany
28.4 9
Malaysia
25.1 10
Mexico
23.4
International Tourism Receipts (2011)
In Billion Dollars 1
United States
116.3 2
Spain
59.9 3
France
53.8 4
China
48.5 5
Italy
43.0 6
Germany
38.8 7
United Kingdom
35.9 8
Australia
31.4 9
Macao
27.8 10
Hong Kong
27.2

12. Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures, and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811

13. The origins of modern tourism can be traced back to what was known as the Grand Tour which was a traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means, mainly from England. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transit in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard rout. It served as an educational rite of passage. Though primarily associated with the British nobility and wealthy landed gentry similar trips were made by wealthy young men

14. Historical Perspective
Mass Tourism began in the years immediately after WWII
Rising standards of living
Increased leisure time
Development in transportation
The origins of tourism can be traced much further back
Trade
Religious and spiritual purposes
Festivals and sport events

15. Tourism Today
International tourism arrivals reached an all time record of 763 million in 2004
Growth over 2003 corresponds to 11%
Worldwide earning on International Tourism reached in 2004 a new record value of US$ 623 Billion.
International arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 billion by the year 2020.

16. Different Types of Tourism
Domestic tourism: Residents of a country traveling within their own country
Inbound tourism: Non-residents traveling in the given country
Outbound tourism: Residents traveling in another country

17. Purpose of Travel Leisure tourism Holidays Health and fitness Sport
Religion
Education
Cultural
Visiting friends and relatives (VFR)
Business tourism
Conferences and training events
Business meetings
Exhibitions
Trade fairs

18. 2. Impacts of Tourism

19. Economic Impacts Positive
International level
Tourism generated US$ 623 billion in earnings and contributed over 10% of global Gross Domestic Product
In 2006, tourism employs 385 million people (11.1% of the world’s labor)
National level
Tourism contribution to GNP: Tourism dominates economic activities in many countries such as Caribbean islands. Anguilla (90% of GNP), Antigua and Barbuda (87% of GNP)

20. Economic Impacts Positive
Regional and local levels
Injecting revenue into urban and rural areas
Creating employment opportunities
Stimulating the creation of new business enterprises
Contributing towards extra inward investment through the promotion of a positive image of an area

21. Economic Impacts Positive
Summary
Wealth generation
Employment creation

22. Economic Impacts Negative
The loss of labor from traditional, primary industries
Price rises in destination areas
Local shops are lost in favor of tourist outlets
Displacement effect
The development of infrastructure and facilities for tourism can divert resources away from other capital projects
Displacement effect-Эффект смещения

23. Environmental Impacts Negative
Water supply
Physical erosion
Wearing away of natural features such as river banks, mountain passes, soil and vegetation
Destruction of archeological sites and historic monuments
Water pollution
Poorly managed sewage treatment and waste disposal processes
Loss of wildlife habitats
Ecological destruction due to overuse
Waste disposal (Littering)
Air pollution
Noise pollution
Overcrowding
Different modes of tourism transport
sewage treatment-обработка сточных вод

24. Environmental Impacts Positive
Conservation of natural and built resources
National parks
Ancient monuments
Improvement of general environment of a destination
Amenity planting in public parks and gardens
Upgraded ‘street furniture’ (lighting, public seating and litter bins)
Improved signage
Clearance of derelict land
Renovations to buildings

25. Socio-cultural Impacts Negative
Overcrowding
Distortion of local customs
Commercialized and stylized presentation
Loss of native languages
Loss of traditional crafts and industries
Such as fishing, forestry, mining, and agriculture
Fragmentation of communities
Tourist areas may develop large communities of second home owners and expatriates
Alterations to religious codes
Rise in social problems
Tourists may behave badly
Temptation of tourism can lead local people into increased criminal activity including fraud, prostitution, drug abuse, and vandalism

26. Socio-Cultural Impacts Positive
Meeting new people and learning about different cultures
Contribution to conservation of an area’s cultural heritage
Enhanced program of cultural and social events
Formation of more sports and leisure facilities
Instilling a sense of pride in local residents

27. Tourism – World’s Biggest Industry
World’s number one export earner
Tourism ……………………………………………………. 9%
Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products 7%
Passengers road vehicles and their parts 5.5%
Electronic Equipment ………………………………. 4%
Mining ………………………………………………………. 3.5%
Significant average annual percentage growth rate
Tourism ……………………………. 12%
Commercial Services ………. 12%
Merchandise exports ………. 10%
Major contributor to global economic development, creating employment, and generating wealth