HUMAN SECURITY.

HUMAN SECURITY

The concept of human security
Human security and humanitarian interventions Human security and relations between stakeholders Human security and the duty to influence political affairs

PART I: The concept of human security

Challenge of balancing Human Security and State Security
Types of Security Object Protection of Threats Traditional security The state Integrity of the state Interstate war Nuclear proliferation Revolution Human security The individual Integrity of the individual Disease Poverty Violence …..

Challenge of balancing Human Security and State Security
Since the end of the Cold War, armed conflicts have increasingly taken place within, and not between, states. National security remains important, but in a world in which war between states is the rare exception, and many more people are killed by their own governments than by foreign armies, the concept of 'human security' has been gaining greater recognition. Unlike traditional concepts of security, which focus on defending borders from external military threats, human security is concerned with the security of individuals.

National & Human Security
This is not to say that national security, traditionally defined, is any less relevant. On the contrary, security between states remains a necessary condition for the security of people. And yet, the security of a state cannot in itself guarantee the security of its people. The concept of human security not only helps us evaluate the effectiveness of our security policies, it also highlights the importance of preventive action to reduce vulnerability and points the way for remedial action, where prevention fails. NATO's new security vocation (1999) Lloyd Axworthy Foreign Minister of Canada

Looking at factors affecting human security
For some proponents of human security, the key threat is violence; for others the threat agenda is much broader, embracing hunger, disease and natural disasters. Largely for pragmatic reasons, the Human Security Centre has adopted the narrower concept of human security that focuses on protecting individuals and communities from violence.

Human security must go beyond the traditional concept of physical security as a result of conflict. My definition of human security includes the elimination of poverty, ensuring access to basic education and health services, the protection of children, the promotion and protection of human rights, the eradication of disease and the preservation of the environment. Maria Minna Minister for International Cooperation Ottawa, Ontario- October 15, 2001

Human Development Report (1994)
Safety from chronic threats and protection from sudden hurtful disruptions in the pattern of daily life Seven types of security economic security food security health security environmental security physical security community security political security

Human security: Definition
In essence, human security means safety for people from both violent and non-violent threats. It is a condition or state of being characterized by freedom from pervasive threats to people's rights, their safety, or even their lives. HUMAN SECURITY: SAFETY FOR PEOPLE IN A CHANGING WORLD (April 1999)

Human security: Definition
Human security means protecting vital freedoms. It means protecting people from critical and pervasive threats and situations, building on their strengths and aspirations. It also means creating systems that give people the building blocks of survival, dignity and livelihood. Outline of the Report of the Commission on Human Security Press release May 1, 2003

Concept of Human Security Poverty Diseases Violence ……..
Economic security Health security Environmental security Physical security Community security Political security Remove threats Diseases Empowerment Violence Building better systems ……..

JICA’s Development Assistance Official Development Assistance (ODA)
for Human Security June 2005 --- In order to address direct threats to individuals such as conflicts, disasters, infectious diseases, it is important not only to consider the global, regional, and national perspectives, but also to consider the perspective of human security, which focuses on individuals. Accordingly, Japan will implement ODA to strengthen the capacity of local communities through human resource development. To ensure that human dignity is maintained at all stages, from the conflict stage to the reconstruction and development stage, Japan will extend assistance for the protection and empowerment of individuals.(ODA charter) --- Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Human Security is a people-centered approach to foreign policy which recognizes that lasting stability cannot be achieved until people are protected from violent threats to their rights, safety or lives.

Our objective is to build a world where universal humanitarian standards and the rule of law protect all people; where those who violate these standards are held accountable; and where our international institutions are equipped to defend and enforce those standards. In short, a world where people can live in freedom from fear.

The ICRC and Human Security

Assistance & Human Security
Economic Security Secure access to health services Secure a safe environment Economic Security Water & Shelter Health Services

Insecurity by …. Lack of capacities Economic Security Water & Shelter
Limiting access to health services Prohibiting access to health services Insecurity in accessing health services Economic Security Lack of capacities Water & Shelter Health Services

Health & Human Rights Prohibiting, limiting access to health services is in itself a violation of the rights of people In armed conflicts violations of human rights may well extend to violations of the integrity of people

Individual & Community Integrity
Torture Disappearances Integrity . Individual - Physical - Psychological . Community - Family - Cultural - Etnic Sexual violences Forced displacements Splitting families Ethnic cleansing …..

ICRC & Human Security Integrity Economic Security Water & Shelter
Forced displacements Ethnic cleansing Torture Disappearance Extra judicial killing ….. Limiting access to health services Prohibiting access to health services Insecurity in accessing health services …. Integrity Economic Security Water & Shelter Health Services

Human Security ICRC Interventions A Global Approach Integrity
Economic Security ICRC Interventions A Global Approach Water & Shelter Health Services

Concept of Human Security & ICRC
IHL embodies human security in that it basically holds that people must be granted the most essential personal security and provided with services necessary for their survival in dignity. By combining activities to promote respect for the law with operational activities in the field, the ICRC above all seeks to create conditions whereby the civilian population can fend for themselves, remain in their homes, and lead their lives in relative safety and dignity despite the volatile and dangerous environment in which they happen to find themselves. Prevention and protection is thus a major aspect of our work, inline with the fundamental idea of Human Security as defined by the Commission. A. Gnaedinger. Dir/GEN ICRC – Japan Dec. 2005

PART II: Human security and humanitarian interventions

Is Human Security a Political Concept or a Humanitarian Concept ?
A Key question: Is Human Security a Political Concept or a Humanitarian Concept ?

Providing Assistance to an Affected Populations in Armed Conflicts
Providing health services Providing food support Human Security of Affected Population Providing economic support Providing shelter Providing water Immunization Note pour le planning Psychosocial support

Humanitarian Interventions
Human Security of Affected Population Crisis Armed Conflict Preventing HR violations Providing health services Monitoring HR Providing food support Providing economic support Assessing conduct of hostilities Providing shelter Dissemination IHL Providing water Note pour le planning Dealing with human rights violations (sexual violences) Immunization Humanitarian Diplomacy Psychosocial support Humanitarian Interventions

Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions
Preventive diplomacy Coercitive diplomaty Demobilization of soldiers Peacekeeping operations Embargo on weapons Economic embargo Peace enforcement with military means Organization and monitoring of elections Conduct of hostilities Democratization Conflict resolution Organizing the Police Political Management of a Crisis Crisis Armed Conflict Transition Preventing HR violations Providing health services Monitoring HR Providing food support Note pour le planning Assessing conduct of hostilities Providing economic support Humanitarian Management of a Crisis Providing shelter Dissemination IHL Providing water Dealing with human rights violations (sexual violences) Immunization Humanitarian Diplomacy Psychosocial support

Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions
Preventive diplomacy Coercitive diplomaty Demobilization of soldiers Peacekeeping operations Embargo on weapons Economic embargo Peace enforcement with military means Organization and monitoring of elections Conduct of hostilities Democratization Conflict resolution Organizing the Police Political Management of a Crisis Human Security of Affected Population Crisis Armed Conflict Transition Preventing HR violations Providing health services Monitoring HR Providing food support Note pour le planning Assessing conduct of hostilities Providing economic support Humanitarian Management of a Crisis Providing shelter Dissemination IHL Providing water Dealing with human rights violations (sexual violences) Immunization Humanitarian Diplomacy Psychosocial support

Afghanistan: A Call for Security
NGOs in Afghanistan Afghanistan: A Call for Security June 17, 2003 We the undersigned humanitarian, human rights, civil society and conflict prevention organizations call on the international community to accord NATO a robust stabilization mandate in Afghanistan. This mandate should include the expansion of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to key locations and major transport routes outside of Kabul and the active support for a comprehensive program of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of all militia forces outside the control of the central government. Current efforts to train representative, professional Afghan national security forces must be accelerated. Note pour le planning PPR

NATO & Humanitarian Interventions
A humanitarian intervention is an armed intervention in another state, without the agreement of that state, to address (the threat of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular caused by grave and large-scale violations of fundamental human rights. This definition was adopted by a NATO seminar in Scheveningen on the topic in November 1999.

Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and activities
Political Humanitarian Belligerants States UN General Assembly UN Security Council PK Forces, NATO Private companies USAID ECHO Medias Human rights organisations National Societies of RC/RC UNHCR UNICEF WHO NGOs ICRC Conduct of Hostilities Coercitive diplomaty Peacekeeping operations Organizing the Police Embargo on weapons Human Right Promotion Economic embargo Democratization Peace enforcement with military means Conflict Prevention Organization and monitoring of elections Preventive diplomacy Education Conflict resolution Early Warning Assessing violations of IHL Adapting National Law Providing health services Dissemination IHL Supporting social services Note pour le planning Looking for the missing Providing economic support Protection of the POW Tracing family members Humanitarian Diplomacy Demobilization of soldiers Advocacy

Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and activities
Political Humanitarian Belligerants States UN General Assembly UN Security Council PK Forces, NATO Private companies USAID ECHO Medias Human rights organisations National Societies of RC/RC UNHCR UNICEF WHO NGOs ICRC Conduct of Hostilities Coercitive diplomaty Peacekeeping operations Organizing the Police Embargo on weapons Human Right Promotion Human Security of Affected Population Economic embargo Democratization Peace enforcement with military means Conflict Prevention Organization and monitoring of elections Preventive diplomacy Education Conflict resolution Early Warning Assessing violations of IHL Adapting National Law Providing health services Dissemination IHL Supporting social services Note pour le planning Looking for the missing Providing economic support Protection of the POW Tracing family members Humanitarian Diplomacy Demobilization of soldiers Advocacy

Of course, in defending our values, we also defended our strategic interests. Even a year before the air campaign, the ongoing oppression in Kosovo was causing a threat to peace and security in the Balkan region, including massive floods of refugees in neighbouring countries and even artillery exchanges across borders. Thus, our strategic interest in preventing the conflict from spreading coincides with our humanitarian interest in stopping ethnic cleansing. Together, these interests required action -- and after diplomacy failed, we took action. Lord Robertson, NATO Secretary General, to the Atlantic Treaty Association Strabourg Oct. 1999

To clarify the confusion

Concept of Humanitarian & Political Frameworks
Based on: . Principles . Law . Means

Humanitarian Framework
Humanity Impartiality Neutrality Independence Humanitarian Framework Proportionality to needs Consent from the Parties No political interests No economic interests Long term commitment

Political Framework Humanity Impartiality Neutrality Independence
Proportionality to needs Consent from the Parties: Y or N Possible political interests Possible economic interests

Humanitarian Framework Political Framework
Legal Framework Political Framework Human Security Affected Population Charter of United Nations (Chapter 7) NATO Resolutions International Humanitarian Law Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations Human Right Law International Humanitarian Law Refugee Law Human Right Law Political agreements between States Refugee Law

Humanitarian Framework
Means of Actions Political Framework Human Security Affected Population Diplomatic means Logistic means Legal Means Media means Financial means Economic means Use of Armed forces

Definition of a Humanitarian Framework
IHL, HR Law Diplomatic means Logistic means Legal Means Media means Financial means Economic means Humanity Human Security Affected Population Impartiality Neutrality Independence Proportionality to needs

Definition of a Political Framework
UN res. NATO Res. …. IHL, HR Law Humanity Diplomatic means Impartiality Logistic means Human Security Affected Population Neutrality Independence Legal Means Proportionality to needs Media means Consent from the Parties Financial means Economic means Political interests Economic interests Use of Armed forces Long term commitment

CIMIC Establish and maintain full cooperation with the civilian population and institutions to provide greatest possible moral, material and tactical advantages to the commander Create and sustain conditions which support a lasting solution to the crisis What‘s that all about CIMIC? It‘s establishing and maintaining full cooperation with the civilian population and institutions to provide greatest possible moral, material and tactical advantages to the commander And creation and sustainment of conditions which support a lasting solution to the crisis. MC 411 NATO CIVIL-MILITARY CO-OPERATION (CIMIC) POLICY 1-1

CIMIC - UK UK's CIMIC Policy is to enable a more coherent military contribution to the achievement of UK and/or international objectives in response to conflict, crises or potential crises What‘s that all about CIMIC? It‘s establishing and maintaining full cooperation with the civilian population and institutions to provide greatest possible moral, material and tactical advantages to the commander And creation and sustainment of conditions which support a lasting solution to the crisis. D/JDCC/20/8/1 dated 06 Feb 03

US Joint Pub 1 -02 amended Aug 02
CIMIC - USA ... facilitate the military operations, and to consolidate and achieve operational US objectives. What‘s that all about CIMIC? It‘s establishing and maintaining full cooperation with the civilian population and institutions to provide greatest possible moral, material and tactical advantages to the commander And creation and sustainment of conditions which support a lasting solution to the crisis. US Joint Pub amended Aug 02

Actors & Frameworks Human Security of Affected Population

PART III: Human Security and Relationship between Stakeholders

Relations between Stakeholders
Political Humanitarian Belligerants States UN General Assembly UN Security Council PK Forces, NATO Private companies USAID ECHO Medias Human rights organisations National Societies of RC/RC UNHCR UNICEF WHO NGOs ICRC Conduct of Hostilities Coercitive diplomaty Peacekeeping operations Organizing the Police Embargo on weapons Human Right Promotion Human Security of Affected Population Economic embargo Democratization Peace enforcement with military means Conflict Prevention Organization and monitoring of elections Preventive diplomacy Education Conflict resolution Early Warning Assessing violations of IHL Adapting National Law Providing health services Dissemination IHL Supporting social services Note pour le planning Looking for the missing Providing economic support Protection of the POW Tracing family members Humanitarian Diplomacy Demobilization of soldiers Advocacy

Impact of the Concept of Human Security on Relationship of the ICRC with other Stakholders
. The ICRC and Authorities . The ICRC and "Humanitarian" Military Interventions . The ICRC and UN

The ICRC & Authorities The authorities have the responsibility to guarantee the security of their people

Pattern of responsibilities is fullfilled
Authorities Willingness to fullfill Responsibilities Pattern of responsibilities is fullfilled Vital needs are met Y N Capacities to Provide Services Y N Provision of Services Vont suivre 6 exemples de casa de figures différents où les critères de décision se croisent. Y N Human Security

ICRC Strategies and Lack of Capacities
Denunciation Economic Security Mobilisation Persuasion Water & Shelter Health Services Support Substitution

ICRC Strategies and Willingness to Violate the Right to have Access to….
Denunciation Economic Security Mobilisation Persuasion Water & Shelter Health Services Support Substitution

Violations of People Integrity
Violation of Rights Stop Violations Respect of People's rights To stop violations Perpetrators Integrity + Influencial Stakeholders - Influencial Stakeholders

To stop Violations: the ICRC
Substitution Support Denunciation Persuasion Mobilisation Integrity

UN & Human Security Diplomatic means Denunciation Logistic means
Substitution Support Denunciation Persuasion Mobilisation Logistic means Integrity Economic Security Legal Means Media means Water & Shelter Health Services Financial means

To stop Violations: States
Our objective is to build a world where universal humanitarian standards and the rule of law protect all people; where those who violate these standards are held accountable; and where our international institutions are equipped to defend and enforce those standards. In short, a world where people can live in freedom from fear.

Substitution to services which normally are supposed to protect people
To stop Violations: UN Coercitive diplomaty Peacekeeping Peace enforcement Substitution to services which normally are supposed to protect people Integrity

UN & Human Security Denunciation Mobilisation Persuasion Support
Diplomatic means Use of Armed forces Logistic means Legal Means Media means Financial means Economic means Substitution Support Denunciation Persuasion Mobilisation Integrity Economic Security Water & Shelter Health Services

UN & ICRC In touch with Not linked to Integrity Economic Security
Water & Shelter Health Services Not linked to

PART IV: Human security and the duty to influence "political affairs"

Human Security and the Influence of Humanitarian Actors on Political Actors
Economic embargo Conduct of hostilities

Economic support & Economic Embargo
Belligerants Political management of the crisis Armed forces / groups UN: Security Council Economic embargo PK forces Human Security of Affected Population States ………. Stable situation Crisis Armed Conflict Transition Stable situation Humanitarian consequences of economic embargo Monitoring the impact of economic embargo Providing economic support NGOs ICRC National RC/RC societies IOM Note pour le planning UNICEF WHO ……… PPR

Conduct of Hostilities
Armed forces / groups UN: Security Council PK forces, NATO States Belligerants ………. ICRC National RC/RC societies IOM UNHCR NGOs WHO ……… Preventive diplomacy Coercitive diplomaty Demobilization of soldiers Peacekeeping operations Embargo on weapons Economic embargo Peace enforcement with military means Organization and monitoring of elections Conduct of hostilities Democratization Conflict resolution Organizing the Police Human Security of Affected Population Crisis Armed Conflict Transition Providing health services Preventing HR violations Providing food support Monitoring HR Providing economic support Assessing conduct of hostilities Note pour le planning Humanitarian Diplomacy Providing shelter Dealing with sexual violences Providing water Dissemination IHL Immunization Psychosocial support

ICRC and Human Security
The ICRC a bit reluctant to refer to human security as an ICRC working concept, mainly not to be seen as part of a political concept developed by UN – States.

Thank you

Bibliography http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/
For follow-up activities on the Commission on Human Security, its report and the Advisory Board on Human Security, please go to the website of the Human Security Unit (HSU) The Human Security Report 2005, Human Security Center The Human Security Bulletin is the flagship bilingual on-line publication of the Canadian Consortium on Human Security (CCHS) Human Security now: Protecting and Empowring people - Published August, 2003 UN NATO's new security vocation Web edition - Vol No. 4 - Winter p. 8-11

A. Gnadinger. Dir/GEN ICRC – Japan - Dec. 2005
Henry Dunant believed that the security of people mustn’t be superseded by the security needs of states and governments. In that, Henry Dunant was one of the early proponents of what we call Human Security. Today it is Japan who carries forward that vision through its foreign policy emphasis on Human Security as a complement to traditional state security. As Ms Ogata writes, in the past, security threats were assumed to emanate from external sources. State security focused mainly on protecting the state – its boundaries, people, institutions, and values – from external attacks. She also notes that internal, intra-state armed conflicts make up the majority of today's conflicts and the traditional interstate wars have become a rarity. Today it is internal violence - sometime carried out by transnational actors - that is the primary source of human insecurity. As the Commission for Human Security pointed out, threats to Human Security are manifold: direct and indirect threats, sudden and pervasive risks and threats. From a humanitarian point of view, human security is a function of threats to the integrity of individuals and communities. Above and beyond the basic medical and nutritional needs, sexual violence, forced displacement, separation of families, ethnic cleansing, disappearances, torture and ill-treatment all have an impact on the physical and psychological integrity of individuals as well as cultural, ethnic, and family-related integrity of communities. These are our precisely among our main areas of work. With your permission I would like to use two key words in the Commission’s definition of Human Security - Protection and Empowerment - to illustrate what IHL stands for and what the International Committee of the Red Cross, in the footsteps of Henry Dunant, does in its everyday endeavour to protect and assist victims of armed conflict around the globe. The Commission notes that Human Security is deliberately protective and recognises that people and communities are deeply threatened by events largely beyond their control. Civilians are indeed the main casualties of armed conflicts today. The ICRC aims to be at the forefront of the international community's response to the humanitarian needs of persons affected by conflict. Our humanitarian action is primarily based on needs and, guided by the principle of impartiality, we follow an "all victims approach" and give priority in our response to the most vulnerable people and to the most essential needs. IHL embodies human security in that it basically holds that people must be granted the most essential personal security and provided with services necessary for their survival in dignity. By combining activities to promote respect for the law with operational activities in the field, the ICRC above all seeks to create conditions whereby the civilian population can fend for themselves, remain in their homes, and lead their lives in relative safety and dignity despite the volatile and dangerous environment in which they happen to find themselves. Prevention and protection is thus a major aspect of our work, inline with the fundamental idea of Human Security as defined by the Commission. A. Gnadinger. Dir/GEN ICRC – Japan - Dec. 2005

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