1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PHENOMENOLOGY AS A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

2. QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Quantitative Descriptive design and descriptive statistics Correlational & Causal Comparative Studies Experimental Designs Inferential Statistics Validity and Reliability Qualitative Phenomenology Grounded Theory Ethnography Case Studies

3. QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE Quantitative classify features, count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. knows in advance what s/he is looking for. Questionnaires or equipment to collect numerical data. Data is in the form of numbers and statistics Objective- seeks precise measurement of target concepts. Qualitative The aim is a complete, detailed description. knows roughly in advance what s/he is looking for. The researcher is the data gathering instrument. Data is in the form of words, pictures, objects Subjective- individuals’ interpetation of events is important

4. THE DEFINITION OF PHENOMENOLOGY Phenomenological study describes the meaning of the participants lived experiences. The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon.

5. A N INTRODUCTION TO PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH What is the purpose of a phenomenological research design? 1. Gathering ‘deep’ information from the participant. 2. Representing observations from the prespective of the research participant(s). 3. To start from a perspective free from hypothesis or preconceptions. 4.Putting yourselves into the shoes of your participant(s) to have a better understanding.

6. Research purpose: To describe one or more individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon (Eg:The experience of the death of a loved one. Disciplinary: philosophy Primary data collection method: In depth interviews with up-to 10-15 people. Data analysis approach: list significant statements, determine meaning of statements, and identify the essence of the phenomenon. Narrative report focus: Rich description of the common characteristics or essences of the experience.

7. 5 E LEMENTS OF P HENOMENOLOGY R ESEARCH 1: Identification of a shared experience 2: Phenomenological research attempts to locate the universal nature of an experience 3: Attempt to identify shares experience among various individuals experiencing the same phenomena

8. 5 Elements of Phenomenology Research 4: Attempt to locate the essence of the experience 5: The account of their experience includes a. What was experienced b. “How the experienced it”

9. T YPES OF P HENOMENOLOGY 1: Hermeneutic Phenomenology 2: Transcendental or Psychological Phenomenology a) Transcendental: “everything is perceived freshly, as if for the first time” b) The focus shifts from researcher interpretation to participant description

10. A DVANATAGE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Provides depth and details Creates openness Simulates people’s individuals experiences Attempts to avoid pre-judgments

11. D ISADVANTAGE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Usually fewer people is studied. Less easy to generalize Difficult to make systematic comparison Dependent on skills of the researcher

12. D ISADVANTAGE OF PHENOMENOLOGY solid grounding Chosen individuals Braketing Personal experience

13. A NALYSIS OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY Descriptıon Horizonalization Textural descriptıon Structural description Essence The process

14. SUMMARY Themes and topics. The aim. Interpretation and conjecture.

16. R EFERENCES Creswell, J. W.(1998). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design. London: Sage Lester, S. (1999) An introduction to phenomenological research. Taunton UK: Stan Lester Developments: Retrieved from www.sld.demon.co.uk/resmethy.pdf accessed (19/11/2011) www.sld.demon.co.uk/resmethy.pdf Neill, J. (2007) Qualitative versus Quantitative research: key points in a class debate Retrieved from http://wilderdom.com/research/Qualitative VersusQuantitativeResearch.html accessed (19/11/2011) http://wilderdom.com/research/Qualitative VersusQuantitativeResearch.html

17. Near East University (ELT Dep.) Presented by: (Mustafa, Arsan and Renas)