1. Sub-Saharan Africa: 8000 B.C.E. - Present
By: Bryan Chu, Rachel Lin, Jason Huang, Allen Lo, Jenny Lin, and Andrei Talaba.

2. Political map 8000 to 600 B.C.E. Sub Saharan Africa By: Bryan Chu

3. Human & Environment interactions
Bantu expansion - is a major migration movement originating in West Africa around 1500 BCE, reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE
Throughout Africa, Bantu-related languages facilitated trade and communication across tribal divides. Such languages include Swahili, Lingala, Duala, Zulu, Ganda, Shona and Luhya.
Some early evidence of agriculture in Africa dates from 16,000 BCE, and metallurgy from about 4000 BCE.
Bantus' migration spread the usage of iron working.

4. Interaction of Cultures
Bantu migrations played an important role in shaping the region’s cultural, ethnic and linguistic character.
Bantu had iron tools which spread the use of iron working throughout the places that they travelled.
Nubians combine Egyptian religions with their own.
Kush moved to the region around Meroë because it had enough woodlands to provide fuel for iron working.

5. State Building, Expansion and Conflict
Nubia settled around the time of the Ancient Egyptians and had a large supply of gold. Constantly traded with Egypt.
Soon it was replaced by the more powerful Kingdom of Kush at around 1000 B.C.
Kush had enough resources to the south in Meroë for iron working.
Eventually conquered the Egyptians and set in momentum the Third Intermediate Period around 700 B.C.

6. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems
Nubia traded with Egypt for a long time
Kush was not dependent on the Nile to trade with the outside world.
They could instead transport goods from Meroë to the Red Sea coast, where Greek merchants were now traveling extensively.
Some other trading contacts were India as well as the Arab world.

7. Development and transformation of social structures
Mostly comprised of stateless communities.
Bantu were mostly small communities led by chiefs with "age sets" and initiation rites.
Nubia had complex and hierarchical society (we can tell from tombs)
Kush had a number of ruling queens as well as priestesses.
Most Bantu adults consider themselves members of more than one family. A married woman, for example, retains membership in her father's family.

8. Political map 600 B.C.E to 600 C.E. Sub-Saharan Africa By: Rachel Lin

9. Interaction between humans and the environment
From 1000BC to 500 AD, the Bantu-speaking Africans gradually moved toward south from modern Cameroon.
The Bantu exchanged goods with local hunter-gatherers.
People cut into forests and settled down into villages.
Iron was first brought by the Assyrians to Egypt around 600 B.C. it quickly spread to Sub-Saharan Africa
Around 200 CE, Indonesians settled on the coast and brought Asian banana that had a higher yield than African bananas. it spreaded inland and improved the food supply.
People from southern Arabia established settlements on the coast near the Ethiopian highlands and mixed with residents there and formed a new language : Ge'ez (later Axum).

10. Development and interaction of cultures
Traditional religion
- polytheism, usually one god above less powerful gods.
- belief in ancestral spirit and sacrifice of a living thing.
Christianity first arrived in North Africa (Alexandria) in the 1st century CE, it was popular in North Africa but only became known tomost of the Sub-Saharan Africa in the 15th century.
iron tools benifited agriculture and trades.
Nok Culture (dissapeared after 200CE, modern day Nigeria) was known for its terracotta sculptures began a recognizably African sculptural tradition.
horse chariot and camels were means of transportation.

11. Political structures and forms of governance
Ancient Ghana - formed at the beginning of first millenium AD. the people were soninkes and at first they used iron tools and horses to seize lands. It then derived power and wealth from gold trades.
After Meroe (capital of Nubia) declined around 200 CE, Axum replaced it in trades.
Axum's king, Enzana, was converted to Christian. he overran Beja people in the desert and the Noba in Nubia to protect caravan trades from raiders.
in Western Sahel (region right below Sahara), people traded goods with the others that lived in a different ecosystem.

12. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems
Iron was the main source of trade, and iron smelting appeared south of the Sahara in Ghat, Gao and the Lake Chad region.
Rome and Phoenicians were the major trading partners of Africa.
Carthage traded with Sub-Saharan Africa, exchanging salt and metal goods with gold, slaves, beads, and ivory.
Ancient Ghana was midway between the source of salt in the Sahara and gold fields to their south, and the Soninkes of Ghana acted as middlemen.
The Bantu speakers traded with neighboring hunter-gatherers: giving iron tips for their weapons in exchange for medicinal plants or herding livestock.
Aksum exported crystal, brass, and copper luxury goods to Egypt and the eastern half of the Roman Empire.
Swahili Coast played a crucial role in the Indian Ocean trade.

13. Development and transformation of social structures
women working in the fields and the men hunting for meat.
Sub-Saharan Africa was mainly composed of Bantu-speaking societies.
hunters and gatherers were common
for centuries the external conquerors were unable to penetrate the region's natural barriers and impose a uniform culture.
Sub-Saharan Africa was almost isolated.

14. Political map 600 to 1450
Sub-Saharan Africa
By Jason Huang

15. Interactions between humans and the environment
Sub-Saharan Africa changed during this period due to migration of the Bantu, conquest of powerful empires, and widespread trading.
Agriculture, herding, and iron uses were widespread.
Sub-Saharan Africa was a great place for commerce, as it was full of valuable resources, such as salt and gold mines.
Long-distance trade was introduced from West Africa to other parts of the continent.
As empires got more wealthy from trade, invasions from neighboring regions would lead to its decline (ie. Ghana  Mali  Songhai).
By the end of the era, the general economy was growing, but Africa’s people and society were not.

16. Development and Interaction of Cultures
Islam reached sub-Saharan Africa at the start of the 7th century, through travelling merchants and nomads.
Many Africans converted to Islam because the idea of unity of religion and politics appealed to them.
Centralized states replaced political organization around the family.
Islam brought to Africa the art of writing. Sub-Saharan Muslims began creating amulets with Aur’anic verses, to replace previous talismans and medicinal packets.
Eventually, sub-Saharan Africans developed “African Islam,” their own brand of religion. Their new religion generated aesthetic diversity, demonstrated in their monumental architecture.
Development and Interaction of Cultures

17. State-building, expansion, and conflicts
Before Islam came to sub-Saharan Africa, it was a stateless society. Families had their own ways of organization.
After a central government and trading was established, three new empires grew to power:
Ghana (700)– grew rich from the gold, ivory, and salt resources in the region that were traded for manufactured goods.
Mali (1200)– conquered Ghana and inherited its wealth. Mali’s cultural influence spread along the Niger River and to the Atlantic coast. Its capital city, Timbuktu, was the world center of trade and education.
Songhai (1400)– one of the largest Islamic empires. Tax imposed on neighboring states ensured dominance. It remained chief controller in trade until the Europeans arrived with the slave trade.
State-building, expansion, and conflicts

18. Creation, expansion, & interaction of economic systems
Interregional trade dramatically increased in this time period. Previously, African economy was based simply on hunting and agriculture.
There was more overseas trading with Europe and Asia.
Sub-Saharan Africa participated in the Indian Ocean trade, Silk Road, and the Trans-Saharan Trade.
The gold-salt trade between the Ghana Empire and the Arab desert merchants flourished.
Sent out gold and salt from the numerous mines in Africa.
Received silk and ceramics from China, spices from India, and jewelry and textiles from the Byzantine empire. The camels were also introduced for travel in the Sahara.
The trade obtained allowed the growth of more cities within Sub-Saharan Africa, and eventually more roads, schools, and libraries.
Creation, expansion, & interaction of economic systems

19. Development and Transformation of Social Structure
Larger states were ruled by a dominant group.
Rulers held authority through Muslim officials and ideology, and also previous traditions since there were some who did not convert to Islam.
Although Islam was the first to majorly change African lifestyle, other religions followed.
Christianity (from trade with Europe) and Buddhism (from Silk Road) preached social equality. The three religions were known as the “Trio of Missionary Religions in Africa.”
Despite this, slavery existed and became part of the global trade by the end of this period.
Women, too, were treated as inferior and forced to become concubines.
Development and Transformation of Social Structure

20. Political map in 1450 to 1750 Sub-Saharan Africa By Allen Lo

21. Interaction between Humans and Environment
Demography and Disease: Columbian Exchange and trans-Atlantic Slave trade. Mass movement of African population, easily spread diseases across trading routes. Adult males were more likely to be chosen as slaves and to be sent away, creating an unbalance population in most African societies Migration: African migration primarily to North America, Latin America, and Europe as laborers; force migrations (result of human interactions). The Bantu-speaking population also migrated to south and southeastern Africa. Patterns of Settlement: Frequent African conquests of neighboring territory Technology: Africans were introduced to European arms and weapons as a result of trade

22. Development and Interaction of Culture
Major Religions: Islam: major impact on African societies/strong history in Africa and continued throughout For example, the Songhai Empire was identified as an Islamic state. Christianity originated from Europe and traveled to Africa via the Portuguese. A famous example of religious conversion to an European religion can be seen in King Alfonso I, who converted to Roman Catholicism. Arts and Architecture: African culture still existed but more European ideals and artistic values were introduced as time passed. Conclusion: Increased exposure to Europeans resulted in an assimilation or adoption of European values in some African societies, but native beliefs still existed.

23. State building, Expansion and Conflict
Political Structures and Government: Most African societies at the time were empires, kingdoms, city-states and minor cities that represented trading posts. There is usually one central ruler, an emperor, supported by a centralized military. Important Empires: Songhai Empire, Moroccan Empire, Swahili city-states Expansion/Conflict: Expansion was usually characterized by African conquests of neighboring territory. Possible due to the increased weapons as a result of trade with Europeans. Conflicts were also seen between Africans and Europeans (Swahili city-states) where Europeans destroyed the African societies in an attempt to dominate their successful trade

24. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
Trade and Commerce: The most notable characteristic in Africa during economic success (demonstrated by the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the Columbian Exchange) Previously involved in the trans-Saharan trade, but these two new commercial trades were more profitable and international. Labor Systems: Labor systems included peasants and slaves; usually , sent to other nations as a means of trade. Industrialization: The economic success allowed most African societies to develop internally, although not necessarily to the extent of industrialization due to reliance on trade as its main source of wealth. *Beginnings of Proto-Industrilization (shifted gears from agrarian society to one with a developed industry/ participation in commercial activity)

25. Development and Transformation of Social Structures
Gender Roles and Relations: Males were more susceptible to be chosen or kidnapped to be sold as slaves. Males were considered to be more efficient labor-wise. Racial and Ethnic constructs: Racial elements and ethnicity were sometimes targeted by the conquests of territory/slaves as well as European intervention Social and Economic class: Slaves were symbols of wealth

26. Sub-Saharan Africa
1750 to 1900
By Jenny Lin
Political map in 1789

27. Interaction Between Humans and The Environment
Demography and disease
Slave trade caused population loss, increase dependence on foreign goods, and tribal warfare,
Imperialism lead to separation of family and spouse; lead to increase in prostitution increase in spread of STDs
Migration
European imperialism and the Atlantic slave trade caused global migration; it created a demographic dispersion that changed racial and ethical complexion of the world
Patterns of Settlement
Early 1800s, Zulu leader Shaka (known as Black Napoleon) defeated neighboring states in South Africa and caused tribal migration
European imperialism : Britain controlled regions and administered the colonies using the White Man’s Burden approach. France treated its colonies with respect in the most part. Portuguese were more harsh with its colonies. Belgium rule in Congo and was very brutal, esp. on rubber plantations

28. Development and Interaction of Cultures
Religions
Main religions included Christianity introduced by Portuguese, Islam from Muslim scholars, and traditional ancestor worship
Belief Systems, philosophies, and ideologies
Islam adapted to and coincided with traditional African beliefs
1770s, originating from West Africa, Muslim scholars wanted to “purify” Islamic religion
Jihads, or holy wars, added lands to Islamic governments
Science and technology
European imperialism bought in new science and technology to its African colonies.
Africa imported machine-made textiles, guns, gun powder and other modern firearms
The arts and architecture
Western styles, customs, and architecture were bought into Africa from the Western World by foreigners and educated Africans

29. State Building, Expansion, and Conflict
Political structures and forms of governance
1800s Zulu Kingdom created national identity ; grouped youth by age into orderly regiments where strict military drill and close-combat tactics were enforced
Empires
Zulu Empire
Christian Ethiopia, under Emperor Tewodros purchased modern weapons from Europe and created strong loyal armies; encouraged local manufacturing of weapons
Nations and nationalism
Asante Kingdom: strongest and most unified West African state; last independent state
Zulu- Bantu-speaking people. In 1816, know as the Black Napoleon, Chief Shaka united Zulu clans; built national identity
Revolts and revolutions
Italy tried to conquer Ethiopia in 1896 who was defeated by King Menelik II at the Battle of Adowa
Regional, trans regional, and global structures and organizations
1880s- 1890s Scramble for Africa, Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain divided Africa among themselves

30. Creation, Expansion and Interaction of Economic Systems
Agricultural and pastoral production
Increased in demand for sugars and spices increased plantation agriculture and slaves  Arab-East African slave market
Belgium established rubber plantations in Congo
Trade and commerce
Before the slave trade ended in the 1800s, 45,000 Africans were bought to the Americas per year
Diamonds, gold, and ivory were important exports
Zanzibar was a important East African port trading cloves, spices, sugar, and ivory with Arab and Indians. Promoted economic interaction and cultural interchange
End of slave trade caused economic weakness in Africa and made it more vulnerable to foreign powers
Labor system
Workers on rubber plantations under Belgium rule were treated very harshly and punished for the slightest flaw

31. Development and Transformation of Social Structures
Gender roles and relations
Under colonial rule, men were sent to mines and plantations. Women and children stayed in villages. When officials introduced property rights, properties were given to men and jobs (even teaching) were reserved for men
Family and kinship
Colonial rule broke up many families
Lead to increase in spread of sexually transmitted diseases
Social and economic classes
Foreign elites usually were at the top of African society

32. Political map 1900 to present
Sub-Saharan Africa
By Andrei Talaba

33. Interaction between humans and the environment
Demography and disease
Apartheid – system of racial discrimination
Separated into whites, blacks, and colored
Ended in 1989
1918 flu pandemic (Spanish Flu) was extremely deadly pandemic that spread and killed many.
Migration
“brain drain” – outflow of scientists and skilled technicians from Africa to US and Canada, leading to negative repercussions
Patterns of settlement
Many educated Africans move and stay in richer countries such as Botswana

34. Development and interaction of cultures
Religions
Mainly Christian, with some Muslim majorities along the East coast
Some traditional African religions remain
Science and technology 
Slow tech. development because of decolonization, internal instability, poverty, etc.
The arts and architecture
Very westernized
Music is very diverse, but is centered around drums
Art is very diverse, but common themes (a preference for sculpture and that it is meant to be experience three dimensionally).

35. State-building, expansion, and conflict
Political structures and forms of governance
Used to be colonized
Decolonization movements occurred, liberating most of the African countries from Western rule
Extremely corrupt governments
Empires
Ethiopian empire still lasted until 1974 (monarchy overthrown) – only native African nation not to be colonized.
Liberian Republic was established as a republic under US model, but fits model of empire as well – conquers other different ethnic groups
Nations and nationalism
Created new sovereign nations
Banded together to throw the West out/
Revolts and revolutions
Decolonization of European colonies
Civil wars

36. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems
Agricultural and pastoral production
Produces mostly cash crops such as coffee, cocoa, tea, cotton, sugar, tobacco – but demand is weakening
Trade and commerce
Former colonies turned to mercantilism
Economies are globalized
Countries in poverty
International debt
Biggest exports are oil and minerals
Industrialization
Slow to occur because of poverty, instability, decolonization, etc.
Capitalism and socialism
Most of the countries are capitalistic

37. Development and transformation of social structures
Gender roles and relations
Women are more active in agriculture then men.
Women work longer hours than men
Both contribute equally to GDP
Family and kinship
The state of African families has been both positively affected (in that there are opportunities of gaining more money) and negatively affected (through diseases and vulnerability to others) by globalization.
Racial and ethnic constructions
Apartheid – Racial segregation
Social and economic classes
“High yellow” – light-skinned people (mixed-race), higher in social class.
Upper class gets much higher income than majority of population

38. Present Political map
Sub-Saharan Africa

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