2. DrugMake-UpMost Common Intake Methods EffectsDuration of Effects Withdrawal Symptoms CigarettesTobacco; nicotine Smoke; ingest (chew tobacco) Calming, soothing, dizzying, alertness Duration of cigarette 3-7 days: irritability, insomnia, headaches PCPChemicals made to use paint, motor oil, and ammonia, also contains cyanide Insufflate; smoke (liquid) Dissociation, euphoria, hallucinations 6 hoursWeeks: seizures, irritability, hallucination, acidosis, and muscle breakdown. Months: memory loss MarijuanaCannabisSmoke; ingest (edibles) Relaxation, euphoria, impaired motor skills and short- term memory 2-3 hours3-7 days: irritability, insomnia, headaches

3. DrugMake-UpIntake Method EffectsDuration of Effects Withdrawal Symptoms MethamphetamineEphedrine, lithium, neurotoxins Inject; snort; smoke Increased sexual desire, euphoria, energy 2-6 hours1 st day: vomiting, severe flu-like symptoms 3-4 weeks: inactivity, sleepiness, anxiety LSDfungusOrally (blotter paper, sugar cube) Hallucination, synesthesia, anxiety, paranoia 6-8 hoursN/A AlcoholEthanolIngestDrowsy, calms, disinhibits. Impairs coordination, reasoning, speech, reaction time 1+ hours after drinking Few days to few weeks: tremors, seizures, hallucination, irritability

4. DrugMake-UpIntake Method EffectsDuration of Effects Withdrawal Symptoms MDMASafrole or camphor oil (both carcinogens) Ingest; snort Sense of intimacy and euphoria, reduces anxiety, distorts perception 3-6 hours1-3 Days: panic attacks, insomnia, anxiety, depression, irritability, psychosis, paranoid delusions CocaineCocaInsufflate; smoke (crack); inject euphoria, alertness, restlessness, anxiety, paranoia, tremors High: 7 seconds Weeks: irritability, restlessness, anhedonia, vivid and unpleasant dreams HeroinOpiumInject; smoke; insufflate; suppository Euphoria, calm, alternately alert and drowsy 2-8 hoursanxiety, insomnia, severe flu-like symptoms, vomiting, spasms, and potentially death

5.  Agonist-a chemical that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to to produce a biological response  Cocaine  Antagonist-a chemical that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it and blocks, or reverses, an agonist  Agonist-Antagonist-Does both. Opiates

6.  Agonists:  Agonists: Mimic Reuptake inhibitors  Antagonist s  Antagonist s: Blocks Reuptake inhibitors  Agonist-Antagonists  Agonist-Antagonists: Does Both  Opioids like Suboxone (synthetic opiates that are used to help heroin addicts wean off)

7.  Acetylcholine-Excitatory-Nicotine and black widow venom  Dopamine-Inhibitory-Cocaine and nicotine  Endorphins-Inhibitory-Opiates  GABA-Inhibitory-Valium, barbiturates, and sleeping pills  Glutamate-Antihistamines  Serotonin-Inhibitory-LSD and ecstasy  Norepinephrine-Excitatory-Caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines

8.  Acetylcholine-Pesticides and nerve gas  Dopamine-Haloperidol (used to treat cocaine or meth overdose), Antipsychotics (e.g., Seroquel), anti-anxiety and antidepressants.  Endorphins-Naloxone (used to treat overdose from opiates)  GABA-Antihistamines and drugs used to treat depressant overdose  Glutamate-Alcohol  Serotonin-SSRIs (e.g., sertraline, fluoxetine), antipsychotics, anti-anxiety and antidepressants.  Norepinephrine-Lithium and other mood-stabilizers, antidepressants (e.g., Mirtazapine

9.  Tolerance  Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use…  Reduction, or neuroadaptation, in the body’s response to a drug After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Drug dose Drug effect Response to first exposure

10. develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms.  Physical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms.  Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug  Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects.  Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs; develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects.

11.  Causes hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness  Increases risk of breast cysts, bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood pressure.  In pregnant women, increases risk of having a child with birth defects or having a miscarriage.  Withdrawal: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature

12.  Tranquilizers/Benzodiazepines : Lower anxiety & tension; sedates; prolonged or excessive use impairs memory  Valium (Diazepam), Xanax (Alprazolam), Halcion (Triazolam), Klonopin (Clonazepam)  GHB: depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner  Alcohol: NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions  Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine  Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; Serious sign of alcohol abuse

13. Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007 13

14.  More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages. 60%  Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes.  Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.  Is it worth the cost?

15.  Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.  Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.  Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.  Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.  Temporarily lowers sperm count

16. Opiates  Heroin and morphine  Oxycodone and hydrocodone  Addition comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms can be fatal

17.  Cocaine achieves its effect through the chemical messengers dopamine and noradrenaline.  Processed into crack—less pure “cut” or “stepped on”

19.  Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins  Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover.  Narcotics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering drug addicts; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over drugs usage and wanting to recover.