1. The Late Middle Ages And the Renaissance

2. The Black Death  loss of 1/3 of European population (mostly in cities)  Causes: bubonic plague carried by fleas on Asian black rats; poor sanitation, overcrowded homes, poor health, poor hygiene, poor housing  Results: Severe impact on European economy; in some areas workers enjoyed higher wages;  Best of clergy died (staying behind to help the sick); Jews blamed; serfdom ended in many areas; first enclosure of fields in Britain

3. Crisis in the Catholic Church  Early Criticisms of the church  Marsiglio de Padua: Defender of Peace – Church should be subordinate to the state Church should be governed by a council of laity and priests superior to pope.  John Wyclif (1320-1384): church should only follow Scripture; English translation of Bible; his later followers were Lollards  John Huss (1369-1415): ideas similar to Wyclif; nationalist party in Czech (Bohemia)  Hussites: followers of Huss who staged large rebellions in 14th century.

4. Crisis in the Catholic Church  Babylonian Captivity (1305-1378): 7 successive popes resided at Avignon, France. Damaged papal prestige (esp. in England & Germany); Rome’s economy damaged  Great Schism (c. 1378-1417): Further conflict led to election of two popes—one in Rome, one in France; further hurt prestige of church.  Conciliar Movement (1409-1418): Council of Pisa and Council of Constance, ended schism; failed as movement to put power in a church council; pope’s power still supreme

5. Hundred Years’ War (1337- 1453)  Cause—English lays claim to large areas of French land.  Three phases:  Early English Victories: Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356)  French reclaim territory and stalemate  English victories: Agincourt (1415), French regain lands –Joan of Arc: led French army to victory at Orleans during crucial stage of the war  Results: France kicks England out; creation of modern nation states begin (“New Monarchs”). Innovations in war technology: longbow, cannon, infantry. Decimation of landed nobles.

6. Northern Italian Economy  Cities developed international trade: Genoa, Venice, Milan.  popolo (middle class) took power in 13th century; republican gov’t short-lived  signori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) by 1300  commenda: Contract between merchant and “merchant-adventurer” who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3 of profits)

7. Italian City States, 1454

8. Politics of Italian City-States  Republic of Florence (Included Republic of Genoa) – Medici family  Cosimo De’Medici (1389-1464): allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic  Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449- 1492): lavish patron of the arts of the arts

9. Politics of Italian City-States  Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) – theocracy in Florence 1494-98; (predicted French invasion due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-states); burned at the stake Charles VIII (1483-1498), French invasions of Italy; Italy became battleground for international ambitions

10. Politics of Italian City-States  Duchy of Milan -- Sforza family (Caterina Sforza (1463-1509), great art patron)  Rome, the Papal States – papacy (“Renaissance popes”)  Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Venice, Venetian Republic  Isabella d’Este (1474-1539): most famous Renaissance female ruler (ruled Mantua)  condottieri: leaders of private armies hired by cities for military purposes

11. Humanism  Humanism -- Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome) in literature  Individualism/ secularism: “man is the measure of all things”  virtú: the quality of being a great man in whatever noble pursuit  Education: (emphasis on Latin and Greek)

12. Humanism  Petrarch—(1304-1374) “Dark Ages” metaphor; “father of humanism” and 1st modern writer, literature no longer subordinate to religion  Dante – Divine Comedy  Boccacio – Decameron: aimed to impart wisdom of human character and behavior.  Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) Oration on the Dignity of Man; Platonic academy  Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) – The Book of the Courtier

13. Humanism  Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444) – wrote history of Florence; division of historical periods; narrative form; civic humanist; first to use term “humanism”  Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)—On the False Donation of Constantine (1444); study of Latin Constantine (1444); study of Latin  Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) -- The Prince (1469-1527) -- The Prince (1513) – Cesare Borgia (1513) – Cesare Borgia

14. New Artistic Styles  Look to Roman and Greek influences.  Use of realistic perspective in depicting scenes.  Portrait painting becomes popular.  Depiction of Renaissance ideals.  New dignity of the individual

15. Early Renaissance  Florence the leader in Renaissance art esp. in quattrocento (1400s)  Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) – architect of cathedrals (il duomo in Florence)  Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), architect of cathedrals.  Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) -- sculptor: bronze doors for Florentine baptistry  Donatello (1386-1466 – sculptor: David (in bronze)  Masaccio (1401-1428) painter: nude human figures  Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516) – Portrait of a Condottiere  Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1574) – goldsmith and sculptor

16. Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)  Considered to be the Father of the Italian Renaissance  Broke with linear style of Middle Ages.  First to us chiaroscuro.  Reputed to be a shrewd and witty character.  Praised by the poet Dante.

17. Giotto - The Mourning of Christ

18. Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510)  Spent almost his entire life in Florence.  Only significant journey was to Rome to work on Sistine Chapel.  Died in obscurity and his fame was not reestablished until the 19 th century.

19. Botticelli-Primavera

20. Botticelli- Birth of Venus

21. High Renaissance  “High Renaissance” centered in Rome (1500-1527) – cinquecento (1500s)  Most worldly of Renaissance popes – Alexander VI (1492- 1503); Julius II (1503-1513); and Leo X (1513-1521), funded great art projects  Characteristics: classical balance, harmony, restraint

22. Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 1519)  Painter, sculptor, architect and engineer.  Often left work unfinished.  Conducted extensive scientific studies.  Invented the armored tank and designed aircraft.

23. Da Vinci – The Last Supper

24. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564)  Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.  Tormented genius who was rarely satisfied with his talents.  In painting and sculpture his work focused mainly on the nude human form.

25. Michelangelo – La Pieta

26. Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel

27. Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)  Child prodigy in the world of art.  Patronized by the popes and named Papal Architect in 1514.  Died of fever at age 37.

28. Raphael – Three Graces

29. Raphael – School of Athens

30. Printing Press (c. 1456)  Johann Gutenberg – spread of humanistic literature to rest of Europe.  By 1480, 380 printing presses in Europe (1000 by 1500)

31. Christian Humanism  Attempted to find a balance between religious and secular concerns  Rejected the “otherworldliness” of the Middle Ages.  Emphasis on early church writings for answers to improve society.

32. Christian Humanist Writers  Desiderius Erasmus (Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466-1536) – In Praise of Folly; most famous intellectual of his times, criticized the church: “Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched”  Thomas More (1478-1536) – Utopia – creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rights

33. Christian Humanist Writers  Jacques Lefevre d’Etables (1454-1536): leading French humanist; produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative Bible.  Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros (1436- 1517): reformed Spanish clergy and church, Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition

34. Northern Renaissance Arts  Low Countries (Dutch Republic, Flanders and parts of Germany, etc) produced especially important artists.  Jan and Hubert Van Eyck –First successful use of oil painting –Worked mainly in Ghent, Belgium.

35. Peter Brueghel (1520-1569)  Focused on lives of ordinary people.  Painted great landscapes  Also worked on religious subjects  Completed most of his work in Antwerp and Brussels

36. Peter Brueghel – Peasant Wedding

37. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)  German – foremost northern Renaissance artist  Famous for woodcuts and engravings.  Paintings include a number of self protraits

38. Albrecht Durer – The Last Supper

39. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497- 1543)  Son of Gothic artist.  German painter who studied in Italy  Painted portraits of Erasmus, Thomas More, King Henry VIII, his wives, and Mary Tudor

40. Hans Holbein – The Ambassadors

41. Domenikos El Greco (1541-1614): painter: mannerism  Painter in Spain (of Greek nationality)  Famous for unique style known as mannerism.  Subjects depict religious mysticism of the period in Spain

42. El Greco – Death of Duke of Orgaz

43. Vernacular Writers  France –Francois Rabelais’ (1494-1553) Gargantua and Pantagruel –Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) Essays relativist in religion and morality

44. Vernacular Writers  England –Edmund Spenser (1552 – 1599) composed romantic epic Faerie Queen –Christopher Marlowe (1564 – 1593) skilled playwright and poet –William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) poet and playwright. Wrote plays that best exemplfied the varieties of human experience. –Ben Jonson (1572 – 1673) poet and dramatist who created plays in the Greek style.

45. Vernacular Writers  Spain –Miguel de Cervantes (1547 – 1615) Wrote Don Quixote. Regarded as one of the great novels of the period. –Felix Lope de Vega (1562-1635) wrote in every major literary style. Created over 1500 plays, of which 500 survive.