1. GREECE THE GREEK POLIS SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. a. a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. b. b. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT GREECE? c. c. WHERE IS GREECE?

2. The polis (plural, poleis) was the ancient Greek city-state. The polis (plural, poleis) was the ancient Greek city-state. The word politics comes from this Greek word. The word politics comes from this Greek word. In the ancient world, it was the central urban area that could also have controlled the surrounding countryside. In the ancient world, it was the central urban area that could also have controlled the surrounding countryside. The word polis could also refer to the city's body of citizens. The word polis could also refer to the city's body of citizens.

4. Polis, literally means city in Greek. Polis, literally means city in Greek.city It could also mean citizenship and body of citizens. It could also mean citizenship and body of citizens.citizenship In modern historiography "polis" is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries In modern historiography "polis" is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporariesancient Greek city-statesClassical Athensancient Greek city-statesClassical Athens polis is often translated as "city-state." polis is often translated as "city-state."city-state

5. PARTS/ELEMENTS OF POLIS Self-governance, autonomy and independence (city-state) Self-governance, autonomy and independence (city-state) Agora: the social hub and financial marketplace, on and around a centrally located large open space Agora: the social hub and financial marketplace, on and around a centrally located large open space Agora Acropolis: the citadel Acropolis: the citadel Acropolis Greek urban planning and architecture, public, religious, and private (see Hippodamian plan) Greek urban planning and architecture, public, religious, and private (see Hippodamian plan)Hippodamian planHippodamian plan Temples, altars Temples, altars Templesaltars Templesaltars

6. Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, etc. Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, etc. AthensSpartaThebes AthensSpartaThebes The polis began to emerge as a new form of social and political organization in the eighth century B.C. The polis began to emerge as a new form of social and political organization in the eighth century B.C.

7. “Men are the Polis.” -Thucydides “Man is an animal whose nature it is to live in a polis” -Aristotle “Men are the Polis.” -Thucydides “Man is an animal whose nature it is to live in a polis” -Aristotle

8. The period that the polis began to emerge can be considered not only as the time of recovery but also the peak of Greek Civilization in terms of politics, society, economy and culture. The period that the polis began to emerge can be considered not only as the time of recovery but also the peak of Greek Civilization in terms of politics, society, economy and culture. Poleis were city-states established by the group of Greek people who proudly termed themselves “Hellene”. Poleis were city-states established by the group of Greek people who proudly termed themselves “Hellene”. Independent and self governing; 30,000 to 300,000 in population Independent and self governing; 30,000 to 300,000 in population All spoke Greek, believed in the pantheon of gods, practiced forms of government, and had the same culture. All spoke Greek, believed in the pantheon of gods, practiced forms of government, and had the same culture.

9. TWO FORMS OF GOVERNMENT OLIGARCHY OLIGARCHY RULE BY THE FEW RULE BY THE FEW DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY RULE BY THE PEOPLE RULE BY THE PEOPLE

10. TWO MOST FAMOUS CITYSTATES ATHENS ATHENS cultural achievements during the 5th century BCE laid the foundations of western civilization. cultural achievements during the 5th century BCE laid the foundations of western civilization.western civilizationwestern civilization ECO BASED ON TRADE AND SEAFARING ECO BASED ON TRADE AND SEAFARING BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY SPARTA SPARTA ECO BASED ON FARMING ECO BASED ON FARMING MILITARY BASED MILITARY BASED PRACTICED OLIGARCHY PRACTICED OLIGARCHY

13. WARS PERSIAN WARS, 490 – 481 BCE PERSIAN WARS, 490 – 481 BCE GREEK CITYSTATES LED BY ATHENS AND SPARTA VS. PERSIAN EMPIRE GREEK CITYSTATES LED BY ATHENS AND SPARTA VS. PERSIAN EMPIRE GREEK VICTORY GREEK VICTORY PELOPONNESIAN WARS, 431 – 404 BCE PELOPONNESIAN WARS, 431 – 404 BCE ATHENS VS. SPARTA ATHENS VS. SPARTA SPARTA VICTORY SPARTA VICTORY SPARTA DOMINATED GREEK CITYSTATES SPARTA DOMINATED GREEK CITYSTATES

15. FAMOUS GREEKS SOCRATES SOCRATES 469 BC – 399 BC 469 BC – 399 BC classical Greek Athenian philosopher classical Greek Athenian philosopher classical GreekAthenianphilosopher classical GreekAthenianphilosopher A founder of Western philosophy A founder of Western philosophyWestern philosophyWestern philosophy Plato and Xenophon, famous students Plato and Xenophon, famous students PlatoXenophon PlatoXenophon Socratic method, type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand Socratic method, type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at handSocratic methodpedagogySocratic methodpedagogy knowledge of the man, his life, and his philosophy is entirely based on writings by his students Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, and Aristophanes knowledge of the man, his life, and his philosophy is entirely based on writings by his students Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, and AristophanesPlatoenophonAristotleAristophanesPlatoenophonAristotleAristophanes

16. SOCRATES Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development of what he perceived as immorality within his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness. His attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the source of his execution. Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development of what he perceived as immorality within his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness. His attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the source of his execution.gadfly

17. Death of Socrates Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825)

18. SOCRATES found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of impiety ("not believing in the gods of the state"), and subsequently sentenced to death by drinking a mixture containing poison hemlock. found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of impiety ("not believing in the gods of the state"), and subsequently sentenced to death by drinking a mixture containing poison hemlock.impietypoison hemlockimpietypoison hemlock

19. “THERE IS ONLY ONE GOOD, KNOWLEDGE, AND ONE EVIL, IGNORANCE.” “THERE IS ONLY ONE GOOD, KNOWLEDGE, AND ONE EVIL, IGNORANCE.”

20. PLATO 429-349 BCE 429-349 BCE Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates ClassicalGreekphilosopher mathematicianstudent Socrates ClassicalGreekphilosopher mathematicianstudent Socrates founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western worldAcademy Athens higher learningWestern worldAcademy Athens higher learningWestern world helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science Western philosophyscience Western philosophyscience FAMOUS LITERATURE, THE REPUBLIC FAMOUS LITERATURE, THE REPUBLIC WROTE DIALOGUES, BOOKS, WHICH WERE CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN A CHARACTER NAMED SOCRATES AND OTHER ATHENIANS WROTE DIALOGUES, BOOKS, WHICH WERE CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN A CHARACTER NAMED SOCRATES AND OTHER ATHENIANS

21. PLATO’S REPUBLIC The Republic The Republic Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition of justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just man Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition of justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just man Socratic dialoguePlatojusticecity-state Socratic dialoguePlatojusticecity-state MAIN IDEA: HIS VISION OF A PERFECTLY GOVERNED SOCIETY MAIN IDEA: HIS VISION OF A PERFECTLY GOVERNED SOCIETY ANTI-DEMOCRACY ANTI-DEMOCRACY SOCIETY OF 3 GROUPS SOCIETY OF 3 GROUPS 1 FARMERS AND ARTISANS 1 FARMERS AND ARTISANS 2 WARRIORS 2 WARRIORS 3 RULING CLASS 3 RULING CLASS A PHILOSOPHER-KING WOULD BE CHOSEN FROM THE RULING CLASS. A PHILOSOPHER-KING WOULD BE CHOSEN FROM THE RULING CLASS.

22. ARISTOTLE 384 BC – 322 BC 384 BC – 322 BC Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Greekphilosopher studentPlatoAlexander the Great Greekphilosopher studentPlatoAlexander the Great His writings cover many subjects His writings cover many subjects founding figure in Western philosophy founding figure in Western philosophy

23. ARISTOTLE RULES OF LOGIC RULES OF LOGIC SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE TIMES SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE TIMES BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SON OF PHILIP OF MACEDONIA TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SON OF PHILIP OF MACEDONIA FOUNDED SCHOOL CALLED THE LYCEUM WHICH RIVALED THE ACADEMY FOUNDED SCHOOL CALLED THE LYCEUM WHICH RIVALED THE ACADEMY

24. ALEXANDER THE GREAT July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas largest empires ancient worldIonian SeaHimalayas largest empires ancient worldIonian SeaHimalayas He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders

26. Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engenderedcultural diffusioncultural diffusion He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypttwenty cities that bore his nameAlexandriatwenty cities that bore his nameAlexandria Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine EmpiresettlementHellenistic civilizationByzantine EmpiresettlementHellenistic civilizationByzantine Empire He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tacticsmilitary academiesmilitary academies