1. Chapter 24

2.  Federal and state governments have enacted environmental protection laws  To contain the levels of pollution  To clean up hazardous waste sites in this country  Environmental protection is one of the most important, and costly, issues facing business and society today Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-2

3.  A federal administrative agency created by Congress  To coordinate the implementation and enforcement of the federal environmental protection laws  The EPA  Has broad rule-making powers to adopt regulations to advance the laws that it is empowered to administer  Has adjudicative powers to hold hearings, make decisions, and order remedies for violations  Can initiate judicial proceedings in court against suspected violators of federal environmental laws Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-3

4.  National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): A federal statute which mandates  The federal government consider the adverse impact a federal government action would have on the environment before the action is implemented  The NEPA and EPA regulations require preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS)  Environmental impact statement (EIS) ▪ A document that must be prepared for any proposed legislation or major federal action that significantly affects the quality of the human environment Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-4

5.  An EIS must  Describe the affected environment  Describe the impact of the proposed federal action on the environment  Identify and discuss alternatives to the proposed action  List the resources that will be committed to the action  Contain a cost–benefit analysis of the proposed action and alternative actions Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-5

6.  Pollution caused by factories, homes, vehicles, and the like that affects the air  Clean Air Act: A federal statute  Provides comprehensive regulation of air quality in the United States Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-6

7.  Stationary sources of air pollution  The Clean Air Act requires states to identify major stationary sources and develop plans to reduce air pollution from these sources  Mobile sources of air pollution  The Clean Air Act ▪ Requires air pollution controls to be installed on motor vehicles ▪ Authorizes the EPA to regulate air pollution caused by fuel and fuel additives Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-7

8.  Standards for certain pollutants set by the EPA that protect  Human beings (primary level)  Vegetation, matter, climate, visibility, and economic values (secondary level)  Nonattainment areas: A geographical area that does not meet established air quality standards  They are classified into five categories – marginal, moderate, serious, severe, or extreme Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-8

9.  States must submit compliance plans that  Identify major sources of air pollution and require them to install pollution-control equipment  Institute permit systems for new stationary sources  Implement inspection programs to monitor mobile sources  Failure to develop or implement plans can result in sanctions  Loss of federal highway funds  Limitation on new sources of emissions Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-9

10.  Pollution of lakes, rivers, oceans, and other bodies of water  Clean Water Act: A federal statute that establishes water quality standards and regulates water pollution  Administered by the EPA  The EPA has established water quality standards that define  Which bodies of water can be used for public drinking water, recreation, propagation of fish and wildlife, and agricultural and industrial uses Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-10

11.  The Clean Water Act authorizes the EPA to:  Establish water pollution control standards for point sources of water pollution  Point sources – Sources of pollution that are fixed and stationary  Thermal pollution: Heated water or material discharged into waterways that upsets the ecological balance and decreases the oxygen content Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-11

12.  Areas that are  Inundated or saturated by surface water or ground water that support vegetation typically adapted for life in such conditions  The Clean Water Act forbids the filling or dredging of navigable waters and qualified wetlands  Unless a permit has been obtained from the Army Corps of Engineers Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-12

13.  A federal statute  Authorizes the EPA to establish national primary drinking water standards  Prohibits the dumping of wastes into wells used for drinking water  The states are primarily responsible for enforcing the act Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-13

14.  Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act  A federal statute that extends limited environmental protection to the oceans  Requires a permit for dumping wastes and other foreign materials into ocean waters  Establishes marine sanctuaries in ocean waters as far seaward as the edge of the continental shelf and in the Great Lakes and their connecting waters Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-14

15.  The Clean Water Act authorizes the U.S. government  To clean up oil spills and spills of other hazardous substances in ocean waters within 12 miles of the shore and on the continental shelf  To recover the cleanup costs from responsible parties  Oil Pollution Act  A federal statute that requires the oil industry: ▪ To take measures to prevent oil spills ▪ To readily respond to and clean up oil spills Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-15

16.  Chemicals used by agriculture, industry, business, mining, and households that:  Cause injury to humans, birds, animals, fish, and vegetation  Toxic Substances Control Act: A federal statute that authorizes the EPA to regulate toxic substances  Administered by the EPA  The act requires ▪ The EPA to establish standards for toxic chemicals ▪ Stationary sources to install equipment and technology to control emissions of toxic substances Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-16

17.  The EPA  May limit or prohibit the manufacture and sale of toxic substances  Can remove toxic substances from commerce  Requires special labeling of toxic substances Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-17

18.  Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act: A federal statute  Requires pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides to be registered with the EPA  The EPA may deny, suspend, or cancel registration  Land pollution: Pollution of the land that is generally caused by hazardous waste being disposed of in an improper manner Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-18

19.  Hazardous waste that may:  Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or serious illness or pose a hazard to human health or the environment if improperly managed  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): A federal statute  Authorizes the EPA to regulate facilities that generate, treat, store, transport, and dispose of hazardous wastes Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-19

20.  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act  A federal statute that authorizes the federal government to deal with hazardous wastes  The act creates a monetary fund to finance the cleanup of hazardous waste sites Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-20

21.  Radiation pollution: Emissions from radioactive wastes that can cause:  Injury and death to humans and other life  Severe damage to the environment  Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)  A federal agency that licenses the construction and opening of commercial nuclear power plants Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-21

22.  Endangered Species Act: A federal statute that protects endangered and threatened species of wildlife  Requires the EPA and the Department of Commerce to designate critical habitats for each endangered and threatened species Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-22

23.  Federal laws that protect wildlife  Migratory Bird Treaty Act  Bald Eagle Protection Act  Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act  Marine Mammal Protection Act  Migratory Bird Conservation  Fishery Conservation and Management Act  Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act  National Wildlife Refuge System Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-23

24.  Many state and local governments have enacted statutes and ordinances to protect the environment  Most states require that an EIS or a report be prepared for any proposed state action  Under state police power to protect the “health, safety, and welfare” of their residents  Many states require private industry to prepare EISs for proposed developments Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.24-24

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