1. Rumungro Viktor Elšík (Charles University)

2. Austria Czechia Ukraine Poland Hungary SC NC Rumungro of Selice

3. Slovak Hungarian

4. General information village of Selice (Šóka): 3,500 inhabitants 2,200 Roma “Rumungri” (Rumungro) 300 Roma “Pojáki” (a different dialect of Romani) 2,000 Hungarians hierarchy: Hungarians > “Rumungri” > “Pojáki” Rumungro family and in-group communication among “Rumungri” learned as L2 by local “Pojáki” and some local Hungarians inter-group communication between “Rumungri” and “Pojáki” no publications, no education, no media

5. Contact layers Indo-Aryan West Iranian Armenian, Ossetic, Georgian 10 th c. Greek South Slavic Croatian 16/17 th c. – current Hungarian 1920 – current Slovak 1950 – current Czech

6. (Hungarian deictic pro-words) demonstrative ‘this/that’ ezaz quality ‘such like this/that’ ilyenolyan quantity ‘this/that much’ ennyiannyi size ‘this/that big’ ekkoraakkora manner ‘in this/that manner’ ígyúgy extent ‘to this/that extent’ ennyireannyira stative ‘here/there’ ittott directive ‘to here/there’ ideoda separative ‘from here/there’ innenonnan perlative ‘this/that way’ errearra time ‘at this/that time’ ekkorakkor terminative ‘up to here/there; until this/that time’ eddigaddig

7. (Coordination) 1. CONJUNCTIVE taj ‘and’ te – te ‘both – and’ ni – ni ‘neither – nor’ 2. DISJUNCTIVE vaď ‘or’ vaď – vaď ‘either – or’ ha – ha ‘whether – or’ 3. ADVERSATIVE de ‘but’ azomba ‘however’ mégiš ‘still, even so’ halem ‘G. sondern’

8. (Coordination) BORROWING HIERARCHY (Matras 1998) adversative > disjunctive > conjunctive Hungarian Hungarian Croatian indigenous SELECTIVE BORROWING megpedig PREPPOSTPPREPPOSTP Hungarian‘and’‘in turn’ ‘and’ Rumungro–megpedig–

9. Morphological borrowing category borrowing (PAT) iterative aktionsart causatives orientation gender associative construction borrowing (PAT) lexical compounds reciprocal universal quantifiers affix borrowing (MAT) numerous

10. Morphological borrowing category borrowing (PAT) iterative aktionsart causatives orientation gender associative construction borrowing (PAT) lexical compounds reciprocal universal quantifiers affix borrowing (MAT) numerous

11. Associative Hungarian kőműves‘bricklayer’ kőműves-ek‘bricklayers’ kőműves-ék‘bricklayer & his work team’ Rumungro kémívėš-i‘bricklayer’ kémívėšš-ė‘bricklayers’ kémívėš-ingere‘bricklayer & his work team’

12. Associative ASSkémívėš-in-ger-e GEN.SG NOM.SG kémívėš-is-ker-e GEN.PL NOM.SG kémívėš-en-ger-e

13. Associative OBL.SGOBL.PLASS KáloM-es--en--en- GrófoM-os--e/on--on- GumiM-is--en--in- RičkaM-as--en--an- KáliF-a–-en--an- ČumaF-a–-en--an- NéniF-i–-en--in-

14. Morphological borrowing category borrowing (PAT) iterative aktionsart causatives orientation gender associative construction borrowing (PAT) lexical compounds reciprocal universal quantifiers affix borrowing (MAT) numerous

15. Universal quantifiers minden-hogyan every-how ‘in every manner’ minden-ki every-who ‘everybody’ minden-sar sa-ko -who minden-hol every-where ‘everywhere’ minden-káj < Croatian sa-káj

16. Affix borrowing affix extraction = indirect matter borrowing affixes of L2 origin are borrowed as parts of borrowed word-forms, then expanded to non-L2 bases affix replication = direct matter borrowing affixes of L2 origin are borrowed directly, without the mediation of word-form borrowing

17. Affix replication [D]espite the many claims concerning the “borrowing” of phonology, morphology, and even syntax, there has been no convincing demonstration that such structural change occurs without mediation by some other medium or process. (Winford 2003: 61)

18. Affix extraction cigaretta ‘cigarette’ cigarettá-z-ikcigarettáz-in-el‘smokes’ (3SG) cigarettá-z-nicigarettáz-ňi‘to smoke’ (INF) HUNROMGLOSS -(V)z- V = a ~ e ~ o ~ ö

19. Affix extraction cigarettacigarett-a‘cigarette’ cigarettá-z-ikcigarett-áz-in-el‘smokes’ (3SG) cigarettá-z-nicigarett-áz-ňi‘to smoke’ (INF) ásv-a‘tear’ ásv-áz-in-el‘sheds tears’ ásv-áz-ňi‘to shed tears’ HUNROMGLOSS -(V)z- V = a ~ e ~ o ~ ö

20. Affix extraction nominative noun inflections (< Greek) verb adaptation markers -in-, -is- (< Greek) participle marker -ime (< Greek) adjective and adverb derivation -ik-, -ik-a (< Greek) ordinal marker -t- (< Greek) feminine derivation -kiň- (< Croatian) adjective adaptation markers -n-, -av- (< Croatian) attenuative marker -ast- (< Croatian) nominalisation -áš-, -íš-, -šág- (< Hungarian) causative marker -tat- (< Hungarian) adverb derivation -(š)on (< Hungarian) and more

21. Affix replication ‘cheap’‘cheaper’‘the cheapest’ HUNolcsóolcsó-bbleg-olcsó-bb ROMóčó-n-oóčó-n-ederleg-óčó-n-eder

22. Affix replication other instances deictic-contrast marker am- (< Hungarian) deictic-identity marker uďan- (< Hungarian) specific indefinite marker vala- (< Hungarian) free-choice indefinite marker akár- (< Hungarian) universal-quantifier marker minden- (< Hungarian) separative adverbial marker -tú (< Hungarian) borrowed from Current L2 construction parallelism closed classes (but degree!)

23. Brief overview (ROM < HUN) phonology e.g. intonation patterns, word-initial stress, vowel length, palatals, geminates, morpho-phonological rules (incl. vowel harmony) typology e.g. prefixes, preverbs nominal structures e.g. case, gender, nominalisation verbal structures e.g. infinitive, aktionsart, causatives, verbalisation other POS e.g. particles (phasal, focus, modality, discourse, fillers), conjunctions, interjections, pronouns (deictics, interrogatives, indefinites), numerals and quantifiers; degree constituent order e.g. some postpositions, pragmatic variation syntax clause-combining (coordination, complementation, relativisation, adverbial subordination): majority of conjunctions, non-finite construction lexicon all word classes, incl. basic vocabulary