2. III - Vocabulary List 2 1. Abdicate – v - to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like, especially in a formal manner 2. Bigot – n - a person who is obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices 3. Candid – adj - free from reservation, disguise, or subterfuge; straightforward 4. Desolate – adj - deprived or destitute of inhabitants; deserted; uninhabited 5. Ebullient – adj - overflowing with fervor, enthusiasm, or excitement; high-spirited 6. Flaccid - adj - soft and limp; not firm; flabby 7. Gibe – v - To make taunting, heckling, or jeering remarks; to jibe 8. Harangue – v - a scolding with a long or intense verbal attack; diatribe 9. Incongruous – adj - Lacking in harmony; incompatible:Not in agreement 10. Jaded – adj - made dull, apathetic, or cynical by experience; worn out, wearied

4. - A sentence tells a complete idea. - A fragment (non- sentence) tells an incomplete idea. Read each of the following statements and decide which is a complete sentence.

5. Sharks are fierce hunters. Sentence Fragment

6. Afraid of sharks. Sentence Fragment

7. The great white shark will attack people. Sentence Fragment

8. Other kinds will not. Sentence Fragment

9. Sharks have an outer row of teeth for grabbing. Sentence Fragment

10. When the outer teeth fall out, another row of teeth moves up. Sentence Fragment

11. Help keep the ocean clean by eating dead animals. Sentence Fragment That’s good to know!

12. Not a single bone in his body. Sentence Fragment

13. Cartilage of sharks. Sentence Fragment

14. Made of the same material as the tip of your nose. Sentence Fragment

15. Unlike other fish, sharks cannot float. Sentence Fragment

16. In motion constantly. Sentence Fragment

17. Even when sleeping. Sentence Fragment

18. Clause Group of words containing a subject and a verb 1. Independent 2. Dependent

19. Independent Clause “main clause” A group of words made up of a subject and predicate Simple sentence Can stand alone as a sentence Ex. Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his English quiz.

20. Dependent Clause “subordinate clause” Contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought Cannot stand alone as a sentence Must be attached to an independent clause Ex: When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his English quiz

21. Grammar Practice Write 2 SENTENCES. Reminder: These are COMPLETE thoughts independent (main) clauses Write 2 dependent clauses. contains a subject & verb You have 5 minutes

22. …and how to tame it.

23. Run-on Sentence Has at least 2 parts Either part can stand alone 2 independent clauses improperly combined The sun is high, put on some sunscreen.

24. How to Combine a Run-on Comma + coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) The sun is high, so put on sunscreen. F A N B O Y S

25. FANBOYS Practice Correctly combine 2+ independent clauses using 3 different FANBOYS. You have 8 minutes

27. Ok, so what does a semi-colon do? Links 2 independent clauses (2 complete thoughts) with no additional words

28. Examples 1. I am going home; I intend to stay there. 2. It rained heavily during the afternoon; we managed to have our picnic anyway. 3. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark; they decided to camp for the night.

29. What else can it do? join 2 independent clauses together with a conjunctive adverb (adverbs that join independent clauses): however moreover therefore consequently otherwise nevertheless thus

30. More Examples 1. I am going home; moreover, I intend to stay there. 2. It rained heavily during the afternoon; however, we managed to have our picnic anyway. 3. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark; therefore, they decided to camp for the night.

31. Correct or Incorrect? 1. I felt sleepy after school; I took a nap on the couch. 2. The prom is next month; but I don’t have a date yet. 3. I love pizza; wings; chocolate; and burgers. 4. Washington Irving is a Romantic author; however, Nathaniel Hawthorne is a Dark Romantic. 5. I failed English; consequently, my parents grounded me.

32. Semi-Colon Practice Write 3 sentences correctly combining 2+ independent clauses with a semi-colon and NO additional words. Write 3 sentences correctly combining 2+ independent clauses using a conjunctive adverb. You have 11 minutes

34. Semi-colon Formulas main clause ;conjunctive adverb,main clause main clause + ; + conjunctive adverb +, + main clause. I love dogs; however, I like cats too. main clause; main clause main clause + ; + main clause. I love my cat; his name is Jack.

35. Common Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly also besides consequently conversely finally furthermore hence however indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover nevertheless next nonetheless otherwise similarly still subsequently then therefore thus

36. NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Main clause,FANBOYSmain clause Main clause +, + FANBOYS + main clause. I love my dog, and I love my cat. For And Nor But Or Yet So

37. Corrections Correct each of the following sentences 3x. - Using JUST a semi-colon - Using the semi-colon, conjunctive adverb, comma construction - Using a comma and FANBOYS 1. I am sleepy I want to take a nap. 2. My dog ran away I cried myself to sleep. 3. This weekend is Halloween my costume is awesome.

38. Types of Sentences

39. 1. Simple 2. Complex 3. Compound 4. Compound-complex

40. Simple Has 1 independent (stand alone) clause Ex. David Letterman and Jay Leno host talk shows.

41. Compound Consists of 2+ independent clauses. The independent clauses can be joined with, + A coordinating conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) A semicolon (;) Ex. Amir is a coward, but Hassan is brave.

42. Complex Contains 1 independent clause and 1+ dependent clause Ideas are linked by subordinating conjunctions after, how, until, although, if, unless, as, in order, that, when as long as, whenever, as much as, now, where, as soon as, wherever, though, since, while, before, even, though, because Ex. Although I love the mountains, I prefer the beach.

43. Compound-Complex Has 2+ independent clauses and 1+ dependent clauses Ex. When the heat comes, the lakes dry up, and farmers know the crops will fail. I planned to drive to work, but I couldn't until the mechanic repaired my car.

44. Grammar Practice Write 8 sentences: 2 simple 2 compound 2 complex 2 compound-complex You have 12 minutes

45. Structure

46. Four sentence types Declarative: makes a statement, ends with a period. English is fascinating. Imperative: makes a command, ends with a period. Go study for your vocabulary quiz. Exclamatory: expresses a strong feeling and is followed with an exclamation point! I’m failing English! Interrogative: asks a question and ends with a question mark? Will you help me with my English homework?

47. Sentence Type Practice Write a declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentence about The Kite Runner. Bonus: use vocabulary words in the sentences!

48. Sentence Type Review Will Amir ever redeem himself? Hassan is a loyal boy. Leave us alone, agha. We won!

49. Length

50. Sentence Length Variety Telegraphic: 5 or fewer words Short: approximately 10 words Medium: approximately 18 words Long and Involved: 30 words or more

51. Count Poe’s Sentences I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it-- oh, so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it slowly--very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man's sleep. It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed. Ha!--would a madman have been so wise as this? From: “The Tell-Tale Heart”

52. Poe’s Sentence Variety Telegraphic: Short: Medium: Long and Involved: **Longer sentences provide better description. Show, Don’t Tell!!****

53. J.K. Rowling Excerpt Nearly ten years had passed since the Dursleys had woken up to find their nephew on the front step, but Privet Drive had hardly changed at all. The sun rose on the same tidy front gardens and lit up the brass number four on the Dursleys' front door; it crept into their living room, which was almost exactly the same as it had been on the night when Mr. Dursley had seen that fateful news report about the owls. Only the photographs on the mantelpiece really showed how much time had passed. Ten years ago, there had been lots of pictures of what looked like a large pink beach ball wearing different-colored bonnets--but Dudley Dursley was no longer a baby, and now the photographs showed a large blond boy riding his first bicycle, on a carousel at the fair, playing a computer game with his father, being hugged and kissed by his mother. The room held no sign at all that another boy lived in the house, too. From: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone

54. Rowling’s Sentence Variety Telegraphic: Short: Medium: Long and Involved: **Longer sentences provide better description. Show, Don’t Tell!!****

55. Sentence Length Practice Write a Telegraphic, Short, Medium, and Long & Involved Sentence about Love & Sacrifice and what you have learned in this unit. Bonus: incorporate vocabulary terms!

56. Variety You should have at least 3 different sentence lengths in a body paragraph. Combine simple sentences to make compound or complex sentences. Length helps maintain the reader’s interest. Include some telegraphic, or short, sentences for emphasis.

57. Grammar Review Write a compound-complex sentence using at least two vocabulary words. Identify the clauses in each sentence, then Identify all subjects and verbs Identify any prepositional and/or verbal phrases.

58. Beginnings

59. Sentence Beginnings SUBJECT-VERB – I shot the sheriff. SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT) CLAUSE - After I won the Super Bowl, I went to Disney World. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE - At the beginning of time, there was a void.

60. Sentence Beginnings Review 1. Screaming loudly, my mother grounded me. 2. After I worked out, I took a shower. 3. My mom baked cookies. 4. To hold the door for you is the least I could do. 5. In the woods, there are fairies. 6. Luckily, I remembered to study for the test.

61. More Sentence Beginnings INFINITIVE – To be a man must be the epitome of existence. VERBAL – Spinning wildly, she flung herself off the stage. ADVERB – Unfortunately, the opposite was true as well.

62. Sentence Variety in Essays Underline the first five words of each sentence in red. (Place parenthesis around simple sentences in green.) Count the number of words in each sentence and place the number in blue over the last word of the sentence. Highlight any sentences that are exclamatory or interrogative.

63. Subject- Verb Subordinate clause Prepositional phrase Verbal (Gerund or Participle) Infinitive (to + verb) Adverb

64. Variety You should have at least 3 types of sentence beginnings in a body paragraph. Combine simple sentences to make compound or complex sentences. Length helps maintain the reader’s interest. Include some telegraphic, or short, sentences for emphasis. When writing a speech include multiple exclamatory and interrogative sentences; if not writing a speech, keep them to a minimum.

65. Journal Entry #9 “All wars are civil wars, because all men are brothers. “ - Francois Fenelon Write a 6-8 sentence paragraph. Define WAR in your own words. Try to create a 3-part definition (term, classification, defining characteristics) Discuss a personal example (a war can represent an internal struggle). Discuss a historical or cultural example. Discuss a fictional example from a book or film.