1. The Human Reproductive System

2. Male Reproductive System
urinary bladder
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
urethra
penis
rectum
epididymis
Cowper’s gland
testis/testes
vas deferens
scrotum

3. Male Reproductive System (frontal view)
See p. 62 in Review book

4. Male Reproductive System
Scrotum – sac of skin that holds testes. Hangs below body to keep testes cool. Sperm cannot be produced if body is too warm. Testes move into scrotum just before birth.
Testis/testes – male gonads. Made up of small, coiled tubes – seminiferous tubules per testis. Immature sperm made here.
Secrete testosterone

5. Male Reproductive System
Epididymis – storage area in upper rear of testis. Immature sperm move here to mature – takes 18 hours.
Vas deferens – tube that leads upwards from each testis into lower part of abdomen from epididymis.
Cowper’s gland – produces fluids that nourish sperm and protect them from the acidity of female.
Combination of sperm and fluids - semen

6. Male Reproductive System
6. Rectum – holds wastes
7. Seminal vesicles – same job as Cowper’s gland
8. Urinary bladder – stores urine
9. Prostate gland – same job as Cowper’s gland and seminal vesicles
10. Urethra – passageway for excretion of urine and for sperm to leave body. Vas deferens empties into urethra

7. Male Reproductive System
11. Penis – male reproductive organ. Facilitates internal fertilization
Ejaculation – muscular contractions force semen through urethra. Before, during and after ejaculation reflex actions keep outlet of bladder closed

8. Hormones and Negative Feedback in Males
Negative Feedback – change that leads to a response that causes something to counteract that change
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Testosterone – stimulates development of sperm. Once there is a large number of sperm, puberty is complete.

9. Hormone Negative Feedback System

10. What is the effect of high levels of LH?
Testosterone is produced
What is the effect of high levels of testosterone?
Slows production of LH which in turn slows production of testosterone
What is the overall outcome of this on-off negative feedback system involving LH and testosterone?
Nearly constant level of both hormones - homeostasis

11. Another Way of Looking at Negative Feedback in the Male Reproductive System
Brain
Pituitary gland
Male Reproductive Organs
target cells – receptor cells
LH stimulates the testes cells

12. Male Reproductive System and Hormones
Explain how LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.
Circulates in the blood- reaches the testes target cells – stimulates them to produce testosterone
What happens when the levels of testosterone are too high in the body?
LH level drops
What is negative feedback and how does it maintain homeostasis?
Change in conditions triggers response in body to counteract that condition. Keeps hormones in balance

13. Female Reproductive System
oviduct
ovary
Urinary bladder
uterus
urethra
rectum
cervix
vagina

14. Female Reproductive System (frontal view)
See p. 61 in Review book

15. Female Reproductive System
Ovary – female gonads. Secrete estrogen – produces secondary characteristics, menstrual cycle
Produces eggs – 2 ovaries 4cms long, 2 cms wide

16. Follicles – each ovary contains 200,000 egg sacs called follicles
Follicles – each ovary contains 200,000 egg sacs called follicles. In each follicle is an immature egg.
All the eggs are present at birth. During the woman’s lifetime 500 eggs mature
When an egg matures, follicle moves to surface of ovary.
Follicle breaks & releases the egg – ovulation
Egg can be fertilized for about 24 hours after ovulation

17. Female Reproductive System
2. Oviduct (fallopian tube) – Each ovary is near but not connected to oviduct. Tube with funnel-like opening. Cilia line it to create a current that draws the egg into the tube. Egg is fertilized in the oviduct
3. Uterus – thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ. Once egg is fertilized it finishes its development in uterus attached to uterine wall

18. Female Reproductive System
4. Urinary bladder – storage of urine
5. Urethra – passage of urine to outside of body
6. Vagina (birth canal) – leads to outside of body
7. Cervix – narrow neck of uterus
8. Rectum – passage for wastes

19. The Menstrual Cycle What is the menstrual cycle?
Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from the ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
Menarche: first menstrual period – usually occurs between 11 and 12
Menopause: time when a woman stops menstruating, usually between 45 & 55 and is no longer able to conceive.

20. The Menstrual Cycle

21. The Menstrual Cycle
1. Menstruation: Loss of egg and uterine tissue via vagina if fertilization does not occur
2. Follicle Stage (follicular stage): lasts 10 days, FSH & LH levels increase, egg matures, follicle secretes estrogen to prepare uterus

22. The Menstrual Cycle
3. Ovulation: High level of estrogen detected by hypothalamus, increased LH, decreased FSH, follicle bursts – egg released
4. Corpus Luteum Stage (Luteal Phase): LH converts follicle to corpus luteum – secretes estrogen & progesterone. Progesterone prepares uterus. Increased progesterone keeps LH & FSH low

23. Another Way of Looking at Negative Feedback in the Female Reproductive System (Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle)
Brain
Pituitary gland
FSH (causes egg to mature in follicle)
LH (causes to egg to be let go = ovulation)
ovary
Estrogen (causes uterine lining to thicken & build up to prepare for egg)
uterus
Progesterone (helps maintain uterine lining)

24. Hormones of Menstrual Cycle
What happens if fertilization occurs?
Corpus luteum keeps producing progesterone to maintain pregnancy. After 5 weeks the embryo produces progesterone – this inhibits LH & FSH so no menstrual cycle
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
There is no implantation – the corpus luteum breaks down. Progesterone level drops, uterine lining breaks down – menstruation.
FSH & LH are produced again – new cycle
Average Menstrual Cycle is 28 days long

25. Ovulation to Implantation
oviduct
uterus
egg from ruptured follicle
cervix
ovary
follicle
vagina
sperm

26. Ovulation to Implantation
Ovary – produces estrogen & progesterone – meiosis occurs & egg develops
Egg matures in follicle of ovary
Ovulation – egg released from follicle – may live for 24 hours
- egg moves into fallopian tube by cilia

27. Ovulation to Implantation
Events in fallopian tube
Fertilization occurs here. Sperm lives 4-5 days (egg lives 1 day)
Zygote undergoes mitosis & travels down fallopian tube within 6-10 days. Zygote is ready to implant into uterus.

28. Ovulation to Implantation
Events in uterus
Implantation – embryo implants/embeds into uterine lining & secretes hormone HCG to signal its arrival
Cell Differentiation – cells divide by mitosis & become different due to gene expression. Different embryo parts will form.

29. Menstrual Cycle Animation

30. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Definition: Disease spread from one person to another during sexual contact
Types of STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, HIV, trichomonas
Reducing Risky Behavior
a. Avoid sexual contact
b. Avoid intravenous drug use

31. Child with gonorrheal infection in the eyes

32. Advanced syphilis

33. Genital herpes

34. Trichomonas Life Cycle

35. Method of Birth Control
How does it Work?
Abstinence
Refrain from intercourse to prevent sperm from joining egg
Sterilization
Females – tubal ligation-fallopian tubes are cut & tied so egg can’t be fertilized & reach uterus
Males - vasectomy – cut & seal off vas deferens so semen never has sperm in it
(Permanent)
Withdrawal
Removal of penis from vagina before ejaculation occurs
Condoms
Sheath covering penis to prevent sperm from vaginal contact

36. Diaphragm/Cervical Cap
Birth Control
Diaphragm/Cervical Cap
Fitted cup or cap that covers the cervix to prevent sperm from reaching egg
Birth Control Pill
Contain hormones estrogen & progestin to prevent ovulation
Protects against pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ovarian & endometrial cancer
(1 pill daily for 28 day cycle)
Patch (Ortho Evra)
Skin patch worn on lower abdomen, butt, or upper body. Releases progestin & estrogen into bloodstream to prevent ovulation (wear for 3 weeks, not on 4th – menstruation)
Depo-Provera
Shot of progestin to prevent ovulation

37. Birth Control
IUD
Small plastic device placed in uterus containing copper or progesterone. Prevents sperm from entering uterus & prevents a fertilized egg from implanting (Can be worn for 1-10 years)
Family Planning
Charting of menstrual cycle & detection of physical symptoms to determine “safe” time to have sexual intercourse
Morning-after Pill
Not a regular method of birth control
Take 2 doses of hormone pills 12 hours apart & started within 3 days after having unprotected sex. Prevents implantation