1. Dynamics of diversity: evidence for West Yorkshire from the 2011 Census Dr Stephen Jivraj & Dr Nissa Finney Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity, University of Manchester stephen.jivraj@manchester.ac.ukstephen.jivraj@manchester.ac.uk; nissa.finney@manchester.ac.uknissa.finney@manchester.ac.uk Just West Yorkshire Seminar, Bradford 26 th Feb 2013

2. Census Briefings How has ethnic diversity grown? More segregation or more mixing? Does Britain have plural cities? How can we count immigration and integration? Available at http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/census/ http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/census/ Funded by CoDE and JRF

3. Census ethnicity data Comparability across time –Change in questions –Change in predefined response boxes –Changes to geography

4. National findings Ethnic minority populations have grown, and live in more mixed areas in 2011 than before 20% of people identify with an ethnic group other than White British in 2011 African ethnic group has grown most since 1991, doubling in each decade to 1 million Mixed ethnic identity has increased by half since 2001 to 1.2 million Slough, Luton & Leicester are the first local authorities outside London where no one ethnic group is in the majority ‘Plural’ towns and cities are not becoming less British –81% of Luton’s residents have a British national identity while 45% are of white British ethnicity Ethnic minority groups are more evenly spread in 2011 than in 2001 Process of integration can be measured using census data available for the first time in 2011 –This includes national identity, passports held, main language spoken and English language proficiency.

5. Ethnic segregation in West Yorkshire

6. Ethnic diversity in West Yorkshire, 2001-2011 Others 269k (13%) Others 160k (8%) Pakistani 190k (9%) Pakistani 123k (6%) Total population – 2,083k Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

7. Change in segregation of ethnic groups in West Yorkshire Index of Dissimilarity across Census Output Areas in West Yorkshire. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread. The change (2001- 2011) shown in brackets. Index of Dissimilarity Most segregated Least segregated Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

8. Pakistani population, 2011 Population in Pakistani ethnic group, % of all people West Yorkshire average = 8.5% England & Wales average = 2% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

9. Other white population, 2011 Population in Other White ethnic group, % of all people West Yorkshire average = 2.6% England & Wales average = 4.4% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

10. Indian population, 2011 Population in Indian ethnic group, % of all people West Yorkshire average = 2.4% England & Wales average = 2.5% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

11. African population, 2011 Population in Black African ethnic group, % of all people West Yorkshire average = 1.1% England & Wales average = 1.8% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

12. Comparing geographical clustering across ethnic groups Pakistani population, 2011 Indian population, 2011 Other white population, 2011 African population, 2011 Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

13. What’s changing segregation?...births, deaths and migration

14. Births drove Asian growth in 1990s Natural change (birth – deaths) and net migration, 1991-2001 Source: CCSR Components of Population Change 1991-2001 Estimates

15. Counterurbanisation Source: 2001 Census SMS, based on districts in GB

16. 16 Who are the movers? Internal migration rates (%) Source: 2001 Census SAR The most mobile are: young, female, professional, educated, students, immigrants, single, separated/divorced, healthy, with no dependent children

17. Spreading out of ethnic minority groups in West Yorkshire Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

18. Mixing within households in West Yorkshire

19. Households with more than one ethnic group Horizontal lines show England & Wales average Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

20. Mixed ethnic group population in West Yorkshire Mixed population – 48.1K (2.2% of total population) Mixed population – 25.3K (1.2% of total population) England & Wales average for mixed population: 2001 – 1.3%; 2011 – 2.2% Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

21. Belonging and integration

22. Neighbourhood belonging by ethnic group Source: 2005 & 2007-08 Citizenship Survey Probability of reporting very strong neighbourhood belonging for an individual of mean age (47), female, manager or professional, married, lived in the neighbourhood for 10-29 years.

23. Neighbourhood belonging of Pakistani respondents by density of Pakistani population Quintile of Pakistani ethnic density % with strong belonging to neighbourhood Source: 2005 & 2007-08 Citizenship Survey

24. Other census measures of identity & need Religion National identity Recent immigrant arrival English language proficiency

25. Muslim population, 2011 Population with Muslim religious affiliation, % of all people West Yorkshire average = 11.3% England & Wales average = 4.8% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

26. Other national identity, 2011 Population with ‘other’ national identity, % of all people West Yorkshire average = 6.0% England & Wales average = 8.1% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

27. Arrived in UK 2007-11 Population in arrived in last 5 years, % of all people West Yorkshire average = 2.6% England & Wales average = 3.3% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

28. Poor English proficiency, 2011 Population cannot speak English well % of all people aged 3 and above West Yorkshire average = 2.4% England & Wales average = 1.6% Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

29. Conclusion 2011 census shows, nationally and for West Yorkshire: –Increasing ethnic diversity –More ethnic mixing and less residential segregation –More mixed ethnic households and people of mixed ethnic groups The changing geographies of ethnic groups are driven by births, deaths and migration Diverse neighbourhoods are places of strong belonging Ethnicity is best combined with other census measures (religion, immigration, language, identity) to indicate integration and need