1. Research is a Process of Inquiry Graziano, A.M. & Raulin, M.L. 報告人 : 劉麗華 指導教授 : 任維廉教授 1

2. Self-introduction Lau Lai Wa Chinese University of Hong Kong Major: Global Studies NCTU : management course e.g. Customer relations and service management, advertising. Difference between two place: more subdivisions, e.g. Transportation department?  X in HK. All management /HR  IBBA 2

3. Author Anthony M. Graziano http://graziano-raulin.com/supplements/graz_vita.htm 3

4. Author Michael L. Raulin http://graziano-raulin.com/supplements/raul_vita.htm 4

5. Agenda Basic Assumption of Science Observation and Inference: Facts and Constructs Conceptual Models in Science Inductive and Deductive Thinking Models and Theories in Science A Model of The Research Process -Phases of Research -Levels of Constraint Summary 5

6. Basic Assumption of Science A true, physical universe does exist. Randomness,unpredictability in the universe, it is primarily an orderly system. This real and orderly universe is knowable through human intelligence, particularly through scientific research. All knowledge is tentative. 6

7. Observation and Inference: Facts and Constructs Scientific research involves: ◦ Creating and posing a question ◦ Determining how to go about answering the question ◦ Planning for and making appropriate empirical observations. ◦ Rationally making sense out of those observations. 7

8. Cont. Fact: Events that can be directly, empirically observed. Observation: The empirical process of using our senses to recognize and to note factual events. Inference: An intellectual process in which conclusion are derived from observed facts or from other ideas. Construct: Non-observable inferred events be constructed rational ideas by the researcher. 8

9. Conceptual Models in Science Model: A description or analogy to help understand something that is usually unseen and/or more complex. Only represents reality, not duplicate it. Can be constructed to represent any aspect of the universe that we wish to study. Incomplete, tentative and analogical. 9

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11. Inductive and Deductive Thinking Induction VS Deduction The major aim of science is theory. Four types of theories: -Inductive theory -Deductive theory -Functional theory -Model 11

12. A Model of The Research Process Phase of research: From generating an idea to the final communication. Levels of constraint: The degree to which researcher imposes limits or controls on any part of the research process. 12

13. Phase of research 13

14. Levels of constraint Naturalistic Observation Case-Study Method of Observation Co-relational Research Differential Research Experimental Research Low-Level Constraints High-Level Constraints 14

15. 15 A Two-Dimensional Model

16. Summary Research is a process of inquiry in which they generate ideas, define, observe, analyze, interpret, and communicate it. The central part is making empirical observations. Which kind of constraints should be used is important for the researcher to choose. 16