1. Child Growth and Development
Ch 4 – Pregnancy
Child Growth and Development

2. Where the Baby is Formed

3. Conception
Every 28 days, an ovum is released by one of the woman’s two ovaries.
Uterus is pear shaped, able to expand during pregnancy.

4. Conception
During ovulation, inner lining of the uterus grows and thickens. If the egg is not fertilized, the lining breaks and passes though.
Ovum travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus.
Takes about 2-3 days.

5. Conception
When the ovum reaches the uterus, usually it breaks up and leaves the body.
When the sperm reaches the fallopian tube it may penetrate and fertilize the ovum.
This process is known as conception.

6. Conception Ovum can live 12-24 hours Sperm can live 48-72 hours
Ectopic pregnancy is when the baby starts to grow in the fallopian tubes instead of the uterus.
Dangerous for the mother and does not end with a live birth.

7. Role of Genetics
Inherit physical traits, talents, and abilities from parents.
At conception babies get 46 chromosomes.
Each chromosome has hundreds of genes.
Only identical twins have the same DNA

8. Dominant and Recessive Genes
Dominant gene is the “stronger” one.
Recessive gene is the “weaker” one.
Only expressed when it is received from both parents.
XX girl XY boy.

9. Multiple Pregnancy
When two or more babies develop in the same pregnancy
Twins are the most common
Occur in 3% of pregnancies

10. Multiple Pregnancy

11. Multiple Pregnancy
Fraternal children develop from two or more ova and have a different genetic makeup
most common
each baby has own chorion
Identical children develop from same ova and sperm and have the same genetic makeup
Mixed types of pregnancy must include fraternal and identical babies

12. 4.1 Vocab Ovum Infertility Uterus Surrogate
Fallopian tube Prenatal Development
Sperm Zygote
Conception Embryo
Chromosome Amniotic fluid
Gene Placenta
Genome Umbilical cord
DNA fetus

13. Prenatal Development
Prenatal development takes place between conception and birth
There are 3 stages in prenatal development
germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

14. Germinal Stage (Zygote)
The first stage of development
From conception to 2 weeks
Zygote forms
Implantation of egg occurs (at 10 days)

15. Zygote

16. Embryonic Stage (Embryo)
Embryonic stage is the second stage of development, lasts about six weeks
most crucial to development
baby is called an embryo
development of most body systems
heart begins to beat
cartilage is present before bones form
substances pass from mother’s placenta through the umbilical cord

17. Embryo

18. Fetal Stage (Fetus)
Fetal stage is the third stage of pregnancy, lasts from about nine weeks after conception until birth
bone starts to replace cartilage
baby is known as a fetus
all parts of the body mature
overall size increases quickly
hear heartbeat in the third month
quickening (when the fetus moves) begins between the fourth and fifth months

19. Fetus

20. Reverse Conception Calendar

21. Fetal Stage Cont.
Age of viability is the age at which a baby could survive if born, 28 weeks
still need extensive medical care
better chance of survival each week the baby is not born
During last two months of pregnancy,
inner layer of lungs produces substance that allows for breathing air
receives immunities from mother in the ninth month

22. Month-by-Month Posters
Nine groups – 1 group for each month of pregnancy
Must include:
an overall description of what occurs during that month
At least five facts
At least 3 pictures
Must be neat and professional. Take your time and make it look good! You will be presenting these.

23. Problems in Prenatal Development

24. Losing a Baby
When baby passes away prior to the 20th week of pregnancy it is called a miscarriage.
15% of pregnancies
After the 20th week it is called a stillbirth.
2% of pregnancies
Grief is similar to the loss of an already born child.

25. Birth Defects There are hundreds of birth defect types.
Can be physical or mental
Birth defect can result in body structure abnormalities or cause a body part to malfunction, as with blindness, deafness, or mental retardation.

26. Birth Defects Can be caused by Think:
environmental factors
hereditary
errors in chromosomes
combination of environmental and hereditary factors
Think:
What environmental factors do you know?

27. Birth Defects Do’s and Don’ts or Pregnancy Poster
Environmental Hazards Wordle

28. Birth Defects Cerebral Palsy – varying problems in the motor system
Caused by damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth

29. Birth Defects
Cleft Lip and Cleft Lip Palate – gap in the upper lip or palate that causes problems with eating, swallowing, speech, and appearance.
Caused by hereditary, environmental factors, or both.

30. Birth Defects
Cystic fibrosis – affects respiratory and digestive systems. Many die before adulthood, although treatment now allows sufferers to live longer.
Caused by inheriting defective recessive genes from both parents.

31. Birth Defects
Down Syndrome – a group of problems that may include mental retardation; heart, blood, and digestive system difficulties; and poor muscle tone.
Caused by presence of an extra chromosome 21.

32. Birth Defects
Muscular Dystrophy – Involve progressive weakness and shrinking of muscles.
Caused by mostly heredity.

33. Birth Defects
PKU – condition in which the body is unable to process and use a specific protein present in nearly all foods. Brain damage and mental retardation can result.
Caused by defective recessive genes inherited from both parents.

34. Birth Defects
Sickle Cell Anemia – malformed red blood cells interfere with the supply of oxygen to all parts of the body. Symptoms include tiredness, lack of appetite, and pain. Can lead to early death.
Caused by defective recessive genes inherited from both parents.

35. Birth Defects
Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus – An incompletely formed spinal cord may lead to stiff joints, partial paralysis, and problems with the kidneys and urinary tract. 70% of children with spina bifida also have hydrocephalus, in which excess of fluid surrounds the brain
Caused by combination of heredity and environmental factors.

36. Birth Defects
Tay-Sachs Disease – Body is unable to process and use certain fats because of lack of a specific chemical in the baby’s blood. Leads to severe brain damage and death, usually by the age of 4.
Caused by defective recessive genes inherited from both parents.

37. Avoiding Dangers to the Baby
A fetus needs to be protected from many dangers.
These include the mother drinking alcohol or taking other drugs, environmental hazards, diseases, and infections.

38. Health Hazards to Avoid During Pregnancy
Diseases or illnesses in the mother
Drugs
recreational and prescription
Radiation exposure
medical X-rays should be avoided
Environmental pollution
lead, chemicals, pesticides, herbicides

39. Diseases and Infections
An infection in a pregnant woman can pose a risk for the unborn baby.
Some infections include:
Rubella- can cause blindness, deafness, heart disease, and mental retardation
Toxoplasmosis- can cause blindness, hearing loss, and learning disabilities or cause a miscarriage or still birth
Chicken Pox- fetus can contract congenital varicella syndrome (scarring of skin, eye problems, limb defects)
STIs – can be past on to the infant (like AIDS)
Syphilis – skin rash, bone or facial deformities, deafness, brain damage
Genital Herpes- can cause brain infection or mental retardation

40. Drugs to Avoid during Pregnancy
Medications
Prescribed – in 1950 thalidomide was prescribe to relieve morning sickness. The medication caused more than 5,000 babies to be norm with birth defects such as missing limbs
over-the-counter – antacid can harm the fetus
dietary supplements – large amounts of caffeine can harm the fetus
herbal products
Alcohol
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Nicotine – can cause low birth weight, smaller babies, premature birth, and is linked to respiratory infections and allergies

41. Drugs to Avoid During Pregnancy
Illegal drugs – drug addicted babies; cocaine increase the risk of miscarriage, still birth, premature birth, stroke in fetus, low birth weight, and higher risk of SIDS
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
The sudden, unexpected death of a baby under the age of one with no clear cause.
Marijuana and methamphetamine use are also linked to low birth weight and premature delivery. Can cause breathing difficulties, poor attention span, drowsiness, or heart defects in children.

42. Drugs to Avoid during Pregnancy
FAS
In what ways do the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome baby and Drug Addicted baby act and look different from a normal baby?
After seeing the effects of FAS, what would you do if you saw a pregnant woman drinking?
(3:03)

43. Environment Hazards
X-Rays – can cause birth defects (dental x-rays are considered safe)
Paint -
Pesticides
Lead
Carbon Monoxide
Mercury
Solvents, paint thinners, and formaldehyde