1. The REPRODUCTIVE System
Unit 6
Reproductive System

2. Vocabulary Hystero– uterus Salpingo- uterine tubes Oophoro- ovaries
Orchio- testes
Balano- glans penis
Gyneco- woman
Masto- breast
Ova- egg
-centesis – puncture into a cavity

3. Vocabulary Amenorrhea – lack of menses by a women after puberty.
Andrology – medical specialty that deals with male health.
Gynecology – medical specialty that deals with female health.
Ectopic – in an abnormal place or position.
Puberty – period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.

4. Functions of the Reproductive System
Production of the gametes (egg and sperm) by gonads
Produce hormones to help in the maturation process

5. Structures of the Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina

6. Ovaries The 2 ovaries are in the pelvic cavity
Each ovary contains about 200,000 tiny egg sacs.
Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Produce eggs

7. Estrogen
Helps in the formation of female secondary sex characteristics:
Breasts
Broadened pelvis
Increased body hair
Increased body fat

8. Maturation of an Egg The eggs were produced before the female was born
Approximately 400,000 were produced, only around 500 eggs reach maturity
Follicle containing the egg will move to the surface of the ovary
Follicle breaks, releasing the egg during the process called ovulation
An egg can be fertilized for about hours after ovulation
The egg should be swept into the uterine tube (Fallopian Tube)

9. Uterine Tubes Connected to the uterus
Tube with a funnel-like opening NOT directly connected to the ovary
Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus
Transport the sperm to the egg
Site of fertilization

10. Uterus Inverted pear-shaped organ above the urinary bladder
Three sections:
The fundus (top),
body (middle section),
cervix (connects to the uterus)
Three layers:
Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
Menstruation
Development of the embryo/fetus
Aids in expulsion of the fetus during labor

11. Vagina
Fibromuscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside of the body
Vaginal opening is located between the urethra and the anus
Passageway for menstruation
Birth canal during the delivery of the fetus

12. Tracing Egg Cells Ovary Fallopian Tubes Uterus Cervix
Vagina/Birth Canal
***TWINS – Identical (1 egg/1 sperm that divides), Fraternal (2 eggs/2 sperms form in separate sacs)

13. Structures of the Male Reproductive System
Testes
Scrotum
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate Gland
Cowper’s gland
Urethra

14. Testes Located in the scrotum
Made up of small, coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules where sperm are made
Produce sperm
Can produce sperm throughout the adult life of the male at the average rate of 30 million sperm a day
Produce testosterone

15. Testosterone
Development of the sperm and the male secondary sex characteristics.
Growth of the testicles and penis
Appearance of pubic hair
Shoulders widen
Larynx enlarges

16. Scrotum Loose, muscular sac that encloses and protects the testes
Maintains a constant temperature about 2 to 3 degrees below normal body temperature for optimal sperm production

17. Epididymis 2 coiled tubes located above each testicle
Takes about 18 hours for sperm to mature
Sugar (fructose) is provided to help the sperm meet their energy demands
Provides a temporary storage area for the sperm

18. Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
2 muscular tubules extending from the epididymis through the abdomen to the urethra
Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

19. Seminal Vesicles
Secretes alkaline fluid that helps increase sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina

20. Prostate Gland
Gland located inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra
Secretes a large amount of alkaline fluid that helps increase sperm motility and neutralizes the acidic vagina

21. Cowper’s Gland Secretes a protective and lubricating mucus.
Sperm and 3 fluids that help make up Semen.

22. Urethra
Tube that leads from the urinary bladder through the prostate gland to the outside of the body.
6-8 inches in length
Passageway for sperm and urine
***Men are fertile from the time of puberty, 24/7, for the rest of their lives!!***

23. Tracing Sperm Cells Testes Epididymus Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Cowper’s Gland
Urethra/Penis

24. Vocabulary for Conception
Spermatozoa – mature male sex cell
Gametes – a mature sperm or egg germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Fertilization – act of fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Implantation – the attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine wall.
Embryo – an unborn human baby in the first 8 weeks from conception.
Fetus – unborn human baby more than 8 weeks after conception.

26. Diseases and Disorders
Reproductive System

27. Female Reproductive Disorders
Cervical/Ovarian Cancer
Cancer cells can form on the cervix, so a PAP Smear test (sample of cervical cells) is taken during an annual physical exam when the woman becomes sexually active.
Blood test for Ovarian cancer.

28. Cervical Cancer Symptoms Treatment None Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Increased vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Pain during intercourse
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation
chemotherapy

29. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms related to a woman’s menstrual cycle
Symptoms are usually predictable and occur regularly during the two weeks prior to menses
Symptoms may diminish after menstrual flow starts, but may continue even after the flow has begun
PMS is a collection of symptoms

30. PMS Most common symptoms include Acne Tenderness of the breasts
Abdominal bloating
Cramping
Breast tenderness
Itching of the breast
Stress or anxiety
Depression
Appetite changes & food cravings
Sleep problems
Joint & muscle pain
Headache
Fatigue
Acne
Tenderness of the breasts
Irritability and anger

31. PMS Treatment includes Aerobic exercise
Reduced caffeine, sugar, and sodium
Increase fiber
Rest/sleep
Hormonal therapy
Anti-inflammatory drugs

32. Endometriosis Presence of the endometrium outside of the uterus
Seems to be caused by the backflow of menstrual blood
Symptoms include very painful periods, heavy periods, chronic abdominal pain, and infertility
Controlled by birth control pills
Surgery to remove the tissue from organs

33. Breast Cancer
Leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States
Generally found with routine breast self exams and mammograms—
When should self exams be performed?
1 week after menstrual cycle is over
Risk factors include:
Genetics
Exposure to radiation
High fat diet
Having the first baby after age 30

34. Male Reproductive Disorders
Sterility – 20% of normal sperm production. Sperm cells are malformed and/or weak.
Prostate Cancer – 2nd leading type of Cancer in men over 50. PSA (prostate specific antigen) blood test to detect prostate cancer.

35. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Abnormal growth of prostate cells, but the condition is NOT cancerous
Prostate undergoes abnormal growth and presses against the urethra and bladder
Interferes with the normal flow of urine

36. Testicular Cancer About 7,500 men in the USA are diagnosed each year
Occurs most often in men ages 15 to 39
Most common cancer in men between ages 16 to 34
Most testicular cancers are found by —Self Exams!!!

37. Careers of the Reproductive System

38. Geneticist
Usually work in research labs, clinics and hospitals. Some work for private corporations to develop new products such as new seed varieties for fruit trees and vegetables.
Education: Masters Degree is a minimum requirement for a Geneticist.
Salary: $70,000/ year

39. Obstetrician/ Gynecologist (OB/GYN)
Provide medical care for women related to their reproductive system. Provide service such as cancer screenings, testing for STDs, and advising on family planning.
Education: Medical school
plus a four year residency
program in OB/GYN.
Salary: $200,000/year

40. Mammographer
A radiologic technician who specializes in screening breast tissue. Uses Ionizing radiation to produce an image of the breast in order to detect abnormalities in the tissue.
Education: Associates or Bachelors in Radiation technology plus licensing.
Salary: $55,000/year

41. Certified Nurse Midwife
RNs with additional training in caring for pregnant women. They performs routine exams and provide prenatal care to healthy pregnant women.
Education: Bachelor’s degree in Nursing and a registered nursing license. Certification
can be obtained after 2-4 years of
nursing experience, preferably in
obstetrics and gynecology.
Salary: $95,000/year