1. Al Huda Scarborough – Tajweed Class
Rules of Tajweed
Al Huda Scarborough – Tajweed Class

2. OUTLINE 1. What is Tajweed 1. Five Main Organs of Speech
2. Mouth and Teeth Diagrams
3. Letters of the Oral Cavity
4. Letters of the Throat
5. Letters of the Tongue

3. WHAT IS TAJWEED?
Tajweed is that science of the Quran that teaches us to read every letter with its HAQQ and MUSTAHAQQ Qualities.
HAQQ are those qualities that are present in the letter all the time. If we remove that quality the letter will cease to exist
MUSTAHAQQ are those qualities that are sometimes present in the letter and sometimes not present. These qualities depend on the environment surrounding the letters.

4. HAQQ of the letters The Haqq of the letters consist of two things:
1) The Makhraj of a letter
2) The Sifaat of the letter.
MAKHRAJ – That place in the mouth where the letter is born.
SIFAAT – Those qualities that differentiate each letter from the next.
A combination of Makhraj and Sifaat give us 28 unique letters in the Arabic Language

5. The Five Organs of Speech
1. The Oral Cavity - ألجوف
3. Tongue - اللسان
4. Lips - الشفتان
5. The Nasal Cavity –
الخيشوم
2. Throat –
ألحلق

6. Four pair of Sifaat to look for in a letter.
1) Is the letter voiced OR voiceless
2) When we pronounce the letter does Airflow through the Makhraj of the letter OR does Airflow stop at the Makhraj of the letter.
3) Is the back of our tongue rising up OR staying down.
4) Is the middle of the tongue rising up OR staying down.

7. SIFAAT ARABIC TERMINOLOGY
Voiceless – همس Voiced – جهر
Airflow Stops – شدة Airflow Continues – رخاوة
Back of the tongue BOT does not rise - استفال
rises – استعلاء
Middle of the tongue MOT does not rise - انفتاح
rises - اطباق

8. Diagram of Mouth

9. Letters of the Oral Cavity (الجوف) -
This is the empty space in the mouth
The three vowel letters and sounds originate from here: Alif, Wow, and Yaa
ا always originates from here
و originates from here when its saakin and a dhammah is before it
ي originates from here when its saakin and a kasrah is before it

11. ا, و, ي

12. LETTERS OF THE THROAT
There are six letters of the throat.
غ خ
ع ح
ء ه

13. حروف الحلق - Letters of the throat خ – مخرج – أدني الحلق - Top of the throat

14. SIFAAT OF خ Voiceless - همس Air Flow continues - رخاوة
Back of tongue rises استعلاء
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Awesome/Heavy Letter

15. غ – مخرج – أدني الحلق – Top part of the throat

16. SIFAAT OF غ Voiced – جهر Air Flow continues - رخاوة
Back of tongue rises - استعلاء
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Awesome/Heavy Letter

17. ح – مخرج – وسط الحلق – Middle of the throat

18. SIFAAT OF ح Voiceless - همس Air Flow continues - رخاوة
Back of tongue does not riseاستفال -
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Happy/Light Letter

19. ع - مخرج – وسط الحلق

20. SIFAAT OF ع Voiced - جهر Air flow takes detour - توسط
Back of tongue does not rise - استفال
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Happy/light letter

21. ه – مخرج – Bottom of the throat.
أقصي الحلق

22. SIFAAT OF ه Voiceless - همس Air Flow continues - رخاوة
Back of tongue does not rise استفال
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Happy/Light Letter

23. ء – مخرج
أقصي الحلق

24. SIFAAT OF ء Voiced - جهر Air Flow stops - شدة
Back of tongue does not rise - استفال
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Happy/Light Letter

25. LETTERS OF THE TONGUE

26. ق – Makhraj
Extreme Back of the tongue rises and touches the soft palate above it.

27. ك – Makhraj
Back of the tongue rises and touches the hard palate above it.

28. MAKHRAJ & SIFAAT OF ق & ك ق ك
Extreme back of the tongue rises and touches the SOFT palate
Voiced - جهر
Air Flow stops at Makhraj - شدة
Back of tongue rises - استعلاء
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Qalqala
Back of the tongue rises and touches HARD palate
Voiceless - همس
Air flow stops at Makhraj - شدة
Back of tongue rises - استعلاء
Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح
Can NOT have qalqala

29. Makhraj of ض When the back edge of the Tongue curls up and touches
The gums of the
upper five
Molars.

30. Characteristics of Daawd
Voiced - جهر
Air flow continues through the Makhraj - رخاوة
Back of tongue rises - استعلاء
Middle of tongue rises - اطباق
Awesome/Heavy letter
Voice stretches along the makhraj;

31. Placement of Tongue – Sound is Distributed towards Right and Left, NEVER Front Teeth

32. Makhraj of Jeem

33. 2. Voiced – جهر 4. Back of Tongue does 3. Airflow Not rise - استفال
stops at
Makhraj - شدة
4. Back of
Tongue does
Not rise - استفال
5. Middle of
Not rise - انفتاح
6. Qalqalah
Characteristics of Jeem
ج Raising the middle of the tongue and touching the hard palate above it

34. ش Raising the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate
2. Voiceless –
همس
3. Airflows
through
Makhraj –
رخاوة
4. Back of
tongue does
not rise – استفال
5. Middle of
not rise - انفتاح
6. Spreading
of sound
ش Raising the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate

35. ي Raising the tongue to the roof of the mouth
2. Voiced - جهر
3. Airflows
through
Makhraj –
رخاوة
4 Back of
the tongue
does not
rise – استفال
5. Middle of
tongue does not rise - انفتاح
6. Softness
in sound - اللين
ي Raising the tongue to the roof of the mouth

36. Makhraj of ل

37. ل – tip of tongue touches the gums of the front top 8 teeth
Back of tongue does not rise - استفال
Middle of tongue does not rise – انفتاح
Voiced - جهر
Air flow takes
Detour - توسط
Makhraj of
Laam shifts
during
pronunciation
ل – tip of tongue touches the gums of the front top 8 teeth

39. Touching the Teeth

40. Detour of Airflow
Airflow taking
detour

41. LAAM
DAAWD
Makraj of Daawd vs. Laam

42. Practice Words

43. Makhraj & Sifaat of ن 1) Voiced - جهر 2) Airflow takes a detour
(through the nasal cavity)
- توسط
3) Back of the tongue does not
rise – استفال
4) Middle of the tongue does
not rise – انفتاح
5) Ghunnah -
ن -The tip of the tongue touches the gums of the top front 6 teeth.
(From one canine To the next canine)

44. Makhraj of the letter ن

45. Makhraj of ن
Voiced - جهر
Air flow takes a
detour - توسط
3. Back of the tongue
do not rise – استفال
4. Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
5. ن has ghunna (i.e.
its sound comes from the
Nasal cavity
ن -The tip of the tongue touches the gums of the top front 6 teeth.
(From one canine To the next canine)

46. Examples إِنّ ءَامَنَ ٱلنَّاس أَنُؤۡمِنُ إِنَّمَا نَحۡنُ

47. Makhraj of ر Voiced - جهر Airflow takes a detour - توسط
3. Back of the tongue
does not rise - استفال
4. Middle of the tongue
Does not rise - انفتاح
5. Trill
6. Changing of Makhraj
during pronunciation
The tip of the tongue and the top of the tip of the tongue rise up and touch the gums of the top four teeth.

48. Makhraj of ر

49. Makhraj of ر The letter raa has a unique quality called a trill.

50. The position of the tongue when pronouncing the ر تفخيم (heavy) or ترقيق (light)
Back of tongue
Raised.
Back of tongue
Not Raised.

51. MAKHRAJ OF ت د & ط

52. Makhraj of ت and د ت
Voiceless - همس
Air flow stops at
makhraj - شدة
4) Back of tongue
does not rise – استفال
5) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح د
Voiced - جهر
Air flow stops at
makhraj - شدة
4) Back of tongue does
not rise – استفال
5) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of the
upper two incisors we pronounce the letters ت and د

53. ط Makhraj of ط When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of the
Voiced - جهر
Air flow stops at
makhraj - شدة
4) Back of the tongue rises
- استعلاء
5) Middle of the tongue
rises - اطباق
6) Qalqalah - قلقلة
When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of the
upper two incisors we pronounce the letter ط

54. Why do they sound different?
Back of the
Tongue does
Not rise
Back and
Middle of
the tongue
rises

55. ٱلۡڪِتَـٰبُ ٱسۡتَوۡقَدَ يَخۡطَفُ هُدً۬ى فَٱتَّقُواْ وَٱدۡعُواْ
Practice Words
 ٱلۡڪِتَـٰبُ  ٱسۡتَوۡقَدَ  يَخۡطَفُ
هُدً۬ى  فَٱتَّقُواْ وَٱدۡعُواْ
لِّلۡمُتَّقِينَ  أُعِدَّتۡ مُّطَهَّرَةٌ۬‌ۖ
 مُهۡتَدِينَ وَيَقۡطَعُونَ أَرَادَ ٱللَّهُ

56. MAKHRAJ OF ث ذ & ظ

57. ذ ث Makhraj of ث & ذ The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the
2) Voiced - جهر
3) Airflows through
the Makhraj - رخاوة
4) Back of the tongue
does not rise – استفال
5) Middle of the
tongue does not
rise - انفتاح ث
2) Voiceless - همس
3) Airflows through the
Makhraj - رخاوة
4) Back of the tongue
does not rise – استفال
5) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the
upper two incisors

58. ظ Makhraj of ظ The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the
2) Voiced - جهر
3) Airflows through the
makhraj - رخاوة
4) Back of the tongue
rises - استعلاء
5) Middle of the tongue
rises - اطباق
The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the
upper two incisors

59. Why do they sound different?
Back and middle
of tongue do not
rise
Back and middle
of tongue rise to give a full
mouth sound.
Light letters
Heavy letter

60. ذَٲلِكَ عَظِيمٌ۬ ظُلُمَـٰتٍ۬ ٱلَّذِينَ وَإِذَا أَظۡلَمَ
Practice words
ذَٲلِكَ عَظِيمٌ۬  ظُلُمَـٰتٍ۬
ٱلَّذِينَ  وَإِذَا أَظۡلَمَ
 ءَأَنذَرۡتَهُمۡ مَثَلُهُمۡ  مِّثۡلِهِۦ
عَذَابٌ ڪَثِيرً۬ا ثَمَرَةٍ۬

61. MAKHRAJ OF س ص & ز

62. Makhraj of س Voiceless - همس Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة
3) Back of the tongue
does not rise - استفال
4) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
5) Whistling - الصفير
The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and
lower front two teeth

63. Makhraj of ص Voiceless - همس Air flows through the Makhraj – رخاوة
3) Back of the tongue
rises - استعلاء
4) Middle of the tongue
rises – اطباق
5) Whistling sound –
الصفير
The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

64. Makhraj of ز Voiced - جهر Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة
3) Back of the tongue
does not rise - استفال
4) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
5) Whistling - الصفير
The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

65. LETTERS OF THE LIPS

66. Makhraj of ف 2) Voiceless - همس 3) Air flows through
The Makhraj - رخاوة
4) Back of the tongue
does not rise – استفال
5) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
When the front two teeth press down on the inner side of the
bottom lip we pronounce the letter ف

67. Makhraj & Sifaat of ب
2) Voiced - جهر
3) Air flow stops at
The Makhraj - شدة
4) Back of the tongue
does not rise – استفال
5) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
6) Qalqalah قلقلة-
When the two lips close we pronounce the letter ب

68. Makhraj & Sifaat of م 2) Voiced - جهر 3) Air flow takes an alternative
path (through the nasal
cavity) - توسط
4) Back of the tongue does not
rise - استفال
5) Middle of the tongue does
not rise - انفتاح
6) Ghunnah - غنة
When the two lips close we pronounce the letter م

69. Makhraj of و Opening the lips in a round shape pronounces the letter و
2) Voiced - جهر
3) Air flows through
the Makhraj - رخاوة
4) Back of the tongue
does not rise – استفال
5) Middle of the tongue
does not rise - انفتاح
6) Soft sound - اللين
Opening the lips in a round shape pronounces the
letter و

70. Let’s Look at the Makhraj and Characteristics of the Qalqala Letters

71. PLOSIVE CONSONANTS
In phonetics, a plosive consonant also known as an oral stop is a consonant that is made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through, and the pressure increases behind the place where it is blocked, and when the air is allowed to pass through again, this sound is created. This sound is the plosive consonant. The blocking is usually done using the tongue, the lips or the throat. Plosives can be voiced or voiceless.
When the consonant is voiced the plosive sound is called Qalqalah.

72. Qalqala Letters ق ط ب ج د
ط – tip of tongue touches the gums of the top two teeth
ب – lips close
ج – middle of the tongue touches the hard palate
د – tip of the tongue touches the gums of the two top teeth
HOW DOES QALQALA OCCUR? Air flow from the lungs is interrupted by a complete closure being made in the mouth usually at the site of the Makhraj.

73. Makhraj of Taaw

74. Makhraj of Baa

75. Makhraj of Daal

76. References Illustrations: All photo credits go to Dr. Ayman Swayd
muqaddimah-part-8a-the-makhraj-of-%D8%B9-and- %D8%AD/

77. Rules of HamzatulWasl What is Hamzatul Wasl?
It occurs only at the beginning of the word. It occurs without any Harakah on it.
It is written as: ٱ
If the reader connect the word which begins with Hamzat-Ulwassl with the letter preceding it, so the letter preceding Hamzat-Ulwasl is directly connected to the letter following Hamzat-Ulwasl.

78. Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

79. Rules of Hamzatul Wasl Examples of skipping Hamzatul wasl
وَلَهُ ٱلۡجَوَارِ ٱلۡمُنشَـَٔاتُ 

80. Rules of Hamzatul Wasl
When we start reading from a word that begins with Hamzatul wasl, we have to pronounce the Hamzatul Wasl.
Then we have to decide what vowel sign to put on it.
There are three scenarios that will occur when we start our recitation with a word beginning with hamzatul wasl.
Put a fatha on hamzatul wasl
Put a kesra on Hamzatul Wasl
Put a dhamma on Hamzatul Wasl

81. ٱلۡمَشۡرِقَيۡنِ ٱلۡقَمَرُ ٱلنَّجۡمُ
Rules of Hamzatul Wasl
1) Fatha َ – When the second letter is Laam saakin or Laam mushaddad. i.e Laam at ta’reef.
Eg. ٱلرَّيۡحَانُ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنُ ٱلشَّمۡسُ
ٱلۡمَشۡرِقَيۡنِ ٱلۡقَمَرُ ٱلنَّجۡمُ 
 ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتِ ٱلشَّجَرُ ٱلسَّمَآءَ
ٱلۡأَرۡضِ‌ۚ ٱلۡمِيزَانَ ٱلۡوَزۡنَ
ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ ٱلۡبَحۡرِ ٱلۡجِنِّ

82. Rules of Hamzatul Wasl ٱسۡتَطَعۡتُمۡ
Kesra ِ If the second letter is not Laam at Ta’reef then we look at the third letter. If the third letter has a FATHA OR KESRA then we put a KESRA on Hamzatul Wasl. These words are normally verbs.
ٱسۡتَطَعۡتُمۡ

83. Rules of Hamzatul Wasl
3) Dhamma ُ- If the third letter of a verb has a DHAMMA on it then we will put a DHAMMA on Hamzatul wasl.

84. Exceptions to the third letter Rule
The following verbs are the only words in the Quran that have a dhamma on the third letter but hamzatul wasl is pronounced with a Kesra

85. Exceptions to the 3rd letter rule
Hamzatul Wasl will be pronounced with a Kesra in nouns. The following are words we will find in the Quran that must begin with a kesra.

86. Rules of Hamzatul – The Tiny ن Rule
If a word ends in a tanween and the next word begins with a Hamzatul Wasl then we drop one harakah from the tanween and replace it with a tiny ن with a kesra. Eg.
خَيۡرًا ٱلۡوَصِيَّةُ-> خَيۡرَنِ ٱلۡوَصِيَّةُ
كَرَمَادٍ ٱشۡتَدَّتۡ -> كَرَمَادِنِ ٱشۡتَدَّتۡ
جَزَآءً ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰ‌ۖ -> جَزَآءَنِ ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰ‌

87. Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

88. Laam At-Ta’reef