1. Chapter 11 Intelligence
McElhaney

2. Content Outline Binet- 1904 Define Intelligence Intelligence Testing
Which signs of giftedness are most important to you?
Autistic Savants
Outline key information regarding Mental Retardation
Profoundly, Severely, Mildly, Borderline retardation
Causes of Retardation
Familial, Organic, Fetal, Metabolic, Genetic Abnormalities
PKU
Microcephaly
Hydrocephaly
Cretinism
Down syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Which has more influence on intelligence heredity or Environment?
Eugenics
Tryon study
What do twin studies show?
What are some other factors of intelligence- Environment, Socio-Economic level, child development programs?
Intelligent information processing.
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
Content Outline
Binet- 1904
Define Intelligence
Intelligence Testing
Aptitude, Mental abilities
Validity and Reliability
Criterion Validity
Objective and Standardized Tests
5 Aspects of Intelligence
Fluid Reasoning
Draw the Bell Curve
IQ tests (outline all aspects found in the text)
Quantitative Reasoning-
Visual-Spatial Processing
Working Memory
Mentally Gifted
Dr. Terman
Outline characteristics of successful students. (Pg. 411)

3. Basic Ideas Intelligence Test are useful estimates of intelligence
Everyone has special aptitudes= wide range of mental abilities
Most people are mid-range intelligence
Small % of people have high intelligence
High IQ does not reveal success
Intelligence relates to heredity + environment
IQ test are not perfectly reliable

4. Defining Intelligence
1904- Alfred Binet
“Created test to tell if a child was performing up to his or her potential”
Definition- (abstract thinking, or reasoning, problem solving, capacity to acquire knowledge)
Intelligence is the global capacity to act purposefully
To think rationally
To deal effectively with the environment

5. Aptitude A capacity for learning certain abilities
People with aptitude- will do well
Aptitude tests- measure narrow range of abilities
SAT = Scholastic Assessment Test
Measures aptitude for language, math, reasoning

6. Reliability & Validity
Is the test reliable?
Is it consistent?
Is the test valid? = A test measures what it claims to measure
Criterion Validity- comparing test scores with actual performance
Objective tests- tests that can be scored the same by two different scorers

7. Standardized Tests Standard procedures are used
The norm =results of average
Used to rank and compare students and achievement

8. IQ Tests Stanford- Binet Intelligence Test 5th ed. (SB5)
Cognitive ability assessment
Measures: Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory
Ages:2 to 85+ years
“IQ scores reflect a person’s education, maturity, and experience, as well as innate intelligence.”

9. SB5 Age ranked questions- that get progressively more difficult
Very reliable-(?)

10. Intelligence Quotients
To accurately measure intelligence need to know
Chronological age (CA)
Mental age (CA)= (average intellectual performance)= level of age-ranked questions she or he can answer
Example vocabulary word “Connection” certain % know this term
Scores of many words similar can lead to an overall mental age can be identified.

11. IQ
IQ = from dividing one number into another.
MA X 100 = IQ CA

12. Scoring IQ
When mental age and chronological age is the same or similar
= normal intelligence 100 or near…
Average ranges= intelligence
When the mental age is higher than the chronological age- intelligence is higher

13. Nice to know
Modern IQ scores are associated with “Deviation Scores= based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age group.” Which tell how far above or below average a person’s scores fall.
IQ doesn’t really change after age 16, except, when strong stimulation is present IQ seems to increase,… or when alcoholism or drug use causes a decline

14. IQ + Achievement 100 = struggle with college 120- would do just fine
IQ = grades – correlation
IQ is not correlated to art, music, drama, science or leadership (creativity- test tell us more)

15. The Normal Curve Number of scores
Ninety-five percent
of all people fall
within 30 points
of 100
Number of scores
Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percent
of people score
within 15 points
above or below 100
Most scores fall close to the average and few are found at extremes

16. Sex in Relation to IQ Women- best performance as group
Verbal, vocabulary and rote learning
Men- spatial visualization- math
Issue related to the tendency of parents + teachers to encourage males in these areas

17. IQ and Job Status
There are many variables associated IQ- its not absolute
High IQ correlates with white collar careers
Lawyers, engineers = 125 IQ
Lower IQ = miners & farm workers

18. Bias and IQ
Bias is associated with IQ and jobs that require academic degrees
Test measure a particular type of intelligence (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory)
Studies show that African Americans score lower on IQ scores because of cultural bias.

19. IQ Bias examples
What number comes next in the following sequence:    1   2   5   6   9   10   ___________
How many weeks are in a year?   ___________
Filthy is to disease as clean is to __________
Three of the following may classified with pool.  What are they?    lagoon   swamp   lake   marsh   pond (circle your answers)
Which items may be classified with clock?    ruler   thermometer   rainguage   tachometer (circle your answers)
If BAD is written 214, how would you write DIG in the same secret writing? ______
If Mary's aunt is my mother, what relation is Mary's father to my sister? _______
Why does the state require people to get a license in order to get married? ___________________________________________________________________
What is the thing to do if you find an envelope in the street that is sealed, addressed and has a new stamp?
___________________________________________________________________
Why should you keep away from bad company?

20. Answer Key Scoring Sheet: Australian/American Test of Intelligence
Answer is 13.  Add 1 to the first number, then add 3, ,then 1, then 3, etc.
Fifty-two
Health - If you believe that germs cause illness and if you believe that absences of "filth" signifies the absence of germs.
Lagoon, lake, pond
All of these.  They are all measuring devices.
497.  Solution of this problem requires ability to count and sort some of concept of codes.
Uncle.  Assumes conceptualization of European/Western familial relationships.
For social control?  To see that people do not commit bigamy?  To see that closely related kinsfolk do not marry?  For statistical purposes?  To ensure that people who are under age do not marry?
Post it.  However, a more practical line of action would be: open it to see if it contains anything of value, carefully remove the stamp for your own use and at least be 18c richer.  But in a highly acquisitive society principles of "honesty" (i.e. respect for unprotected property) have to be supported or society could easily break down (to the disadvantage of property owners).  Note the question asks "What is the thing to do...." not "What would you do...."  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.
Because they may influence your own behavior and get you into trouble.  However, this only correct if you believe that bad people influence good people and not vice versa, that people who behave badly should be isolated in the community.  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.

21. The Dynamics of Intelligence
Degrees of Mental Retardation
Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild % May learn academic skills up to
sixth-grade level. Adults may, with
assistance, achieve self-supporting
social and vocational skills.
Moderate May progress to second-grade level.
academically. Adults may contribute
to their own support by labor in
sheltered workshops.
Severe May learn to talk and perform simple
work tasks under close supervision
but are generally unable to profit from
vocational training.
Profound Below Require constant aid and supervision.

22. 5 Aspects of Intelligence
Fluid Reasoning
Knowledge
Quantitative reasoning
Visual-Spatial reasoning
Working memory

23. Fluid Reasoning Use inductive reasoning – from specific to general Or
Deductive reasoning- from general to the specific
Example of question tasks- “how are an apple, a plum, and a banana, different from a beat?”
Other items-
Complete a matrix of shapes that has one missing.
Tell a story that explains what’s going on in a series of pictures.

24. Knowledge Assesses general information the test taker has acquired.
Questions:
General knowledge = “How many legs does a horse have?
Vocabulary = Define the word cryptic
Absurdities = What is wrong with this picture?”

25. Quantitative Reasoning-
Measure a person’s ability to solve problems involving numbers.
Questions emphasize practical problems vs mathematical knowledge
Given the number 3, 6, 9, 12 what number would come next?

26. Visual-Spatial Processing
Assesses someone’s ability to see patterns and relationships in visual displays
Examples- putting picture puzzles together
Working with geometric shapes
Reproducing patterns of blocks

27. Working Memory
Measures the ability to recall, sort, and apply information in short-term memory
Remembering the order of colored beads on a stick

28. Giftedness

29. Dr. Terman

30. New Ways of Viewing Intelligence (cont.)
Reflective Intelligence: Ability to become aware of one’s own thinking habits
Metacognitive Skills: Ability to manage one’s own thinking and problem solving efforts

31. Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence: Some Concepts
Multiple Intelligences: Theory posed by Howard Gardner that states we have several specialized types of intellectual ability
G-Factor: General ability factor; assumed to explain the high correlations among various intellectual measures

32. Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences
Language: Used for thinking by lawyers, writers, comedians
Logic and Math: Used by scientists, accountants, programmers
Visual and Spatial Thinking: Used by engineers, inventors, aviators
Music: Used by composers, musicians, music critics

33. Gardner’s Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences (cont.)
Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills: Used by dancers, athletes, surgeons
Intrapersonal Skills (Self-Knowledge): Used by poets, actors, ministers
Interpersonal Skills (Social Abilities): Used by psychologists, teachers, politicians
Naturalistic Skills (Ability to Understand Natural Environment): Used by biologists, organic farmers