2. Protein Synthesis

3. Synthesis= the process of building or making DNA= (deoxyribonucleic acid) the genetic code or instructions for the cell RNA= ribonucleic acid Amino Acids= building blocks of proteins

4. DNARNA Deoxyribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid Sugar=deoxyriboseSugar= ribose Contains 1 more H atom than deoxyribose Double strandedSingle stranded- a single strand of nucleotides Nitrogen bases: ATCGNitrogen bases: AUCG U=Uracil

5. http://www.princeton.edu /%7Ehos/images/rna.gif http://images 2.clinicaltools.com/images/ gene/dna_ver sus_rna_rever sed.jpg

6. STEP 1: TRANSCRIPTION= making RNA Location: Eukaryotes-nucleus Prokaryotes-cytoplasm 1. RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s promoter 2. The two DNA strands unwind and separate. 3. Complementary nucleotides are added using the base pairing rules EXCEPT: A=U The rest are the same C=G, T=A, G=C

7. Try this example. Using the following DNA sequence, what would be the complementary RNA sequence? ATCCGTAATTATGGC UAGGCAUUAAUACCG

8. http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/mcgo4s0/public_html/t3/mRNA%20to%20protein.gif

9. 1. Messenger RNA= mRNA is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making the protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation. Codon= three nucleotide sequence Transfer RNA= tRNA single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end and has an anticodon Anticodon-a 3 nucleotide sequence that is complementary to an mRNA codon Ribosomal RNA= rRNA- a part of the structure of ribosomes

10. Codon and Anticodon Codon-found on mRNA Anticodon-found on tRNA http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.obgynaca demy.com/basicsciences/fetology/genetics/images/codon_GCA. gif&imgrefurl=http://www.obgynacademy.com/basicsciences/fe tology/genetics/&usg=__4MvAO2N3sXbERXQwODVDSqtsOj M=&h=160&w=168&sz=4&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=toyuIN8drV Br4M:&tbnh=94&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcodon%2 6gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages /kaiser/tRNA_arg.jpg

11. STEP 2-TRANSLATION- Assembling proteins- in the cytoplasm mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm tRNA molecules with the complementary anticodon and a specific amino acid arrives at the ribosome where the mRNA is waiting. Peptide bond forms between amino acids tRNA molecule leaves and a new one comes with another amino acid. Amino acids continue to attach together until the stop codon and a protein is formed

12. SUMMARY Transcription= process of making RNA from DNA Translation= RNA directions are used to make a protein from amino acids DNA  RNA  Protein Transcription Translation nucleus Cytoplasm on ribosome

13. DNARNA Deoxyribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid Sugar=deoxyriboseSugar= ribose Contains 1 more H atom than deoxyribose Double strandedSingle stranded- a single strand of nucleotides Nitrogen bases: ATCGNitrogen bases: AUCG U=Uracil

14. Video Clips http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvYEq Gb7XN8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvYEq Gb7XN8&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uR b1D38&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uR b1D38&feature=related

15. DNA ReplicationRNA Transcription DNA polymerase is used.RNA polymerase is used. DNA nucleotides are linked. RNA nucleotides are linked. A DNA molecule is made. An RNA molecule is made. Both DNA strands serve as templates. Only one part of one strand of DNA ( a gene) is used as a template.

16. Explain the steps in protein synthesis. http://stemcells.nih.gov/i nfo/scireport/images/figu rea6.jpg