2. Dr. Yoga Nathan Public Health UL

3. l 160/95 mm Hg? l 140/90 mm Hg? l 160/95 mm Hg? l 140/90 mm Hg?

4. How can we define `Hypertension’ or `High blood pressure’? BY DEFINING THE BP LEVEL ABOVE WHICH IT IS BENEFICIAL TO REDUCE BP  This the definition generally used  Arbitrary definition, changing over time  1950s DBP 120  1960s DBP 110  1980s DBP 100 SBP 160  Now DBP 90 SBP 140

5. A small proportion of individuals with high blood pressure have a specific medical cause (secondary hypertension): <1% in general population <5% in medical clinics The rest have no specific medical cause (primary or essential hypertension)

6. a) -Coarctation of aorta b) -Renal and renal vascular disease c) -Adrenal disease d) cortical 1 hyperaldosteronism, e) Cushing’s syndrome f) medulla phaeochromocytoma g) -Pregnancy h) -Drugs esp OCP, HRT

7.  Rural communities in less developed settings  Hunter gatherer, subsistence diet  low in fat, salt, alcohol  Low mean body mass index  High physical activity  Low stress levels (?)

8. -Generally show that blood pressure patterns change (increase) to those of the host population: * Change generally occurs within 6 months * Strong evidence for ENVIRONMENTAL influence on population BP * May be exceptions – high BP in African- Caribbeans may have genetic basis

9.  SBP higher by:-  -High body mass index 15 mmHg  -High alcohol intake 8 mmHg  -High salt intake 5 mmHg  -Low potassium intake5 mmHg  -Low fibre/high fat 2-3 mmHg  -Physical inactivity 2-3 mmHg  -Stress ????

10.  Age being older  Ethnicity African-Caribbean  Family history positive  Body mass Overweight/obese  Alcohol intake high

11. Which is more strongly related to risk, systolic or diastolic?  -Both are important, systolic slightly more so  -In older people, `high’ systolic BP can occur with `normal’ diastolic pressure (isolated systolic hypertension), is associated with increased CV risk

12. How strong are the relative risks of high blood pressure (60-69 years)?  -Usual systolic BP 20 mmHg higher:-  relative risk of stroke 2.32  relative risk of CHD 1.85  -Usual diastolic BP 10 mmHg higher:-  relative risk of stroke 2.50  relative risk of CHD 1.79 Applies above SBP 115, DBP 75 mmHg Prospective Studies Collaboration, Lancet 2002

13. 95th percentile Source: NHANES II 90th percentile

14. Source: Framingham Heart Study, 1980

15. (Adjusted for age, serum TC, current smoking status for each quartile) Van den Hoogen PCW, et al, for the Seven Countries Study Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1-7. 140 Mortality From CHD (No./10,000 Person Years) 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 110120130140150160170 Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) United States Northern Europe Mediterranean southern Europe Inland southern Europe Serbia Japan

17. Angina pectorisAngina pectoris Unstable anginaUnstable angina Myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarction Sudden deathSudden death Heart failureHeart failure TIATIA Ischemic strokeIschemic stroke Hemorrhagic strokeHemorrhagic stroke Renovascular diseaseRenovascular disease Renal failureRenal failure ClaudicationClaudication AneurysmAneurysm Critical limb ischemiaCritical limb ischemia Hypertension

18.  -Coronary (ischaemic) heart disease  -Stroke (all types)  -Ischaemic stroke  -Haemorrhagic stroke  -Subarachnoid haemorrhage  -Heart failure  -Hypertensive heart disease  -Sudden death  -Renal failure  -(All-cause mortality) How do we know this?

19. Population-Based Strategy Hypertension 1991;17:I-16–I-20. Reduction in SBP mmHg 2 3 5 Reduction in SBP mmHg 2 3 5 % Reduction in Mortality Reduction in BP After Intervention Before Intervention StrokeCHDTotal -6-4-3 -8-5-4 -14-9-7 SBP Distributions

20. SOURCES OF DIETARY SALT Processed Food Water Cooking Salt Table Salt Other Sodium Source: James et al. The dominance of salt in manufactured food in the sodium intake of affluent societies. Lancet 1987;8530:426-428.

21.  Raised blood pressure is the biggest single cause of cardiovascular disease accounting for 62% of strokes and 49% of heart disease.  Strokes and coronary heart disease kill more people around the world than any other cause of death – around 12.7 million people each year.  It is estimated that reducing salt intake by 6g a day could lead to a 24% reduction in deaths from strokes and an 18% reduction in deaths from coronary heart disease, thus preventing approximately 2.6 million stroke and heart attack deaths each year worldwide.

22.  Preventable  Treatable  Controllable  Why is so Difficult to Do?

23. Sustained reduction in blood pressure over about 5 years effectively reverses the risks of the higher pressure  -If usual diastolic BP 10 mmHg lower:-  relative risk of stroke reduced by about 60%  relative risk of CHD reduced by about 44%

24. Greater BP reduction gives greater CV risk reduction  -Similar BP reduction (e.g. 10 mmHg) will reduce  relative risk of CVD by similar amount, whatever the starting blood pressure  Because the relations of BP and CVD risk are continuous there is no rational target for BP reduction (pragmatic targets for patients on treatment) Br Hyp Soc SBP <140 DBP < 85 mmHg

25. Who should have their BP lowered? -The traditional view: The reason for lowering blood pressure is that it is high…. `People who need their blood pressure lowered are those who have a high blood pressure’ -The new view The reason to lower blood pressure is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease `People who need their blood pressure lowered are those who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease (almost irrespective of their blood pressure)’ -The third (middle) way `Blood pressure should be treated on its merits but should take account of overall CV risk’

26. Modification Approximate SBP Reduction (range) Weight Reduction 5-10 mmHg/10kg Adopt DASH eating plan 8-14 mmHg Dietary sodium reduction 2-8 mmHg Physical activity 4-9 mmHg Moderation of alcohol consumption 2 – 4 mmHg Lifestyle Modifications

27. Self Other Responsibility for a Problem (Who is to blame?) Responsibility for a Solution (Who will control the future?) Enlightenment Model Person feels guilty Person needs discipline Compensatory Model Person feels deprived Person needs power (skill) Moral Model Person feels lazy Person needs motivation Medical Model Person feels ill Person needs treatment * Brickman, American Psychologist 37(4):368–384, April 1982.

28. Patient cooperates with doctor, and BP is controlled. Patient told, “It’s okay now.” Drops out Patient stops medicine and visits. Patient doesn’t understand the difference between control and cure. He thinks he’s “cured”. Patient receives no re-education about the lifelong need for treatment. Patient believes doctor meant “Stop taking the medicine” when he said, “You’re under control.” Belief that he’s “cured” and “told to stop medicine” is reinforced. Patient believes –His diagnosis –Hypertension is serious –In the efficacy of medicine –He can control HBP with doctor’s help. Patient doesn’t want to think of himself as “sick.” Patient receives no call from doctor.

29. Patient believes –His diagnosis –In medicine and its efficacy to lower blood pressure –In the need for lifelong treatment –In the hazard of HBP if left uncontrolled Patient believes hypertension is “nervous tension.” Patient believes he can control HBP with “self- discipline” or by “accepting life.” Patient feels no need to see doctor and keep appointments because he knows when to take medicine. Drops out Medical system does not follow up to recall patient for appointments. Patient has no symptoms to tell him that blood pressure is uncontrolled. Patient believes medicine is needed only to lower blood pressure, not to keep it low. Patient believes he can tell when BP is high since he knows when he is tense. Patient takes medicine when he feels tense and believes this adequately lowers BP. Patient believes he’s adequately controlled—reinforced by lack of professional intervention. Remains Uncontrolled

30. Public health approaches, (e.g. reducing calories, saturated fat, and salt in processed foods) can achieve a downward shift in a population’s BP.Public health approaches, (e.g. reducing calories, saturated fat, and salt in processed foods) can achieve a downward shift in a population’s BP. Reducing overall BP by only a few mm Hg could affect overall CVD morbidity and mortality by as much or more than treatment alone.Reducing overall BP by only a few mm Hg could affect overall CVD morbidity and mortality by as much or more than treatment alone. Public Health approaches provide an attractive opportunity to interrupt and prevent the costly cycle of managing hypertension and its complications.Public Health approaches provide an attractive opportunity to interrupt and prevent the costly cycle of managing hypertension and its complications.