1. Participles
Latin II
Chapter V

2. Definition
A participle is that form of the verb which is used like an adjective.
Since it is a verb, it has tense and voice. It can take a direct object, an indirect object, etc.
Since it is an adjective, it has case, number, and gender, and it will modify a noun.

3. Formation Present Perfect Future Active Passive 2nd pp - re + ns, ntis
“x-ing”
4th pp
“having been x-ed”
what are the three tenses
what are the two voices
4th pp - us +urus, a, um
2nd pp - re + ndus, a, um
“about to x”
“must be x-ed”
Present active participles are declined like third declension adjectives,
while perfect passive, future active and passive participles are
declined like first/second declension adjectives.

4. Third -io and Fourth Conjugation Verbs
Be careful when forming the present active and future passive participles for 3rd -io and 4th conjugation verbs:
drop the entire infinitive ending (ire/ere)
add -ie-
then add the -ns, -ntis or -ndus, a, um

5. Present Active Participle
2nd pp - re + ns, ntis
servo, servare drop the “re”, add -ns, -ntis
servans servantes
servantis servantum
servanti servantibus
servantem servantes
servante servantibus
These are the endings for the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective.
For the neuter forms, use the third declension neuter endings.
Recall that for the third declension, you must go to the genitive to get the stem.

6. Present Active Participle
2nd pp - re + ns, ntis
servo, servare drop the “re”, add -ns, -ntis
servans servantia
servantis servantium
servanti servantibus
servants servantia
servante servantibus
These are the endings for the neuter forms of the adjective.
Recall that for the third declension, you must go to the genitive to get the stem.

7. Perfect Passive Participle
Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective
Perfect Passive Participle
4th pp
servo, servare, servavi, servatus
servatus, a, um servati, ae, a
servati, ae, i servatorum, arum, orum
servato, ae, o servatis, is, is
servatum , am, um servatos, as, a
servato, a, o servatis, is, is
“having been saved”

8. Future Active Participle
4th pp - us + urus, a, um
servo, servare, servavi, servatus
servaturus, a, um servaturi, ae, a
servaturi, ae, i servaturorum, arum, orum
servaturo, ae, o servaturis, is, is
servaturum, am, um servaturos, as, a
servaturo, a, o servaturis, is, is
“about to save”
Declined like a 1st/2nd
declension adjective

9. Future Passive Participle
2nd pp - re + ndus, a, um
servo, servare, servavi, servatus
servandus, a, um servandi, ae, a
servandi, ae, i servandorum, arum, orum
servando, ae, o servandis, is, is
servandum, am, um servandos, as, a
servando, a, o servandis, is, is
Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective
“must be saved”

10. Participle Uses
indicate the time of the action in relation to the adjoining verb
present participle indicates the action is going on at the same time as the verb
future participle indicates the action will happen after the verb
perfect participle indicates that the action happened before the verb
Sedens in lecto, puer edit.
Sitting on the couch, the boy eats.
The boy is sitting on the couch at the same time that he is eating.

11. Participle Uses Just like any other adjective, it describes a noun
legati necati
slaughtered ambassadors
violati hospites
violated guests

12. Practice declining and translating…..
Present Active
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
2nd pp - re + ns, ntis*
muniens
munientes
munientum
munientis
munientibus
munienti
munientes
munientem
munientibus
muniente
“building, fortifying”
* Remember that for 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs, you must drop the entire infinitive ending, then add -ie- before adding the adjective endings

13. Practice declining and translating…..
Perfect Passive
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
4th pp
munitus, a, um
muniti, ae, a
munitorum, arum, orum
muniti, ae, i
munitis, is, is
munito, ae, o
munitos, as, a
munitum, am, um
munitis, is, is
munito, a, o
“having been built, having been fortified”

14. Practice declining and translating…..
Future Active
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
4th pp - us + urus
muniturus, a, um
munituri, ae, a
muniturorum, arum, orum
munituri, ae, i
munituris, is, is
munituro, ae, o
munituros, as, a
muniturum, am, um
munituris, is, is
munituro, a, o
“about to build, about to fortify”

15. More on Future Active Participles…..
Sometimes they are best translated as relative (dependent) clauses…….
Hannibal proelium cum Romanis commissurus de montes
in Italiam venit.
Hannibal, about to begin battle, ….. OR
Hannibal, who was going to begin battle, …..

16. Practice declining and translating…..
Future Passive
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
2nd pp - re + ndus*
muniendus, a, um
muniendi, ae, a
muniendorum, arum, orum
muniendi, ae, i
muniendis, is, is
muniendo, ae, o
muniendos, as, a
muniendum, am, um
muniendis, is, is
muniendo, a, o
“must be built, must be fortified”
* again, remember that with 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs,
you need to drop the entire infinitive ending, add -ie-, then add
the adjective ending

17. Review 1. Another name for the fourth principal part of a verb is
the ___________________, and it functions as a(n)
___________________.
perfect passive participle
adjective
2. Participles can/cannot function by themselves as the
main verb of a sentence.
CANNOT
3. A participle can modify what part of speech?
Review
a noun or pronoun
4. Translate the following sentence:
Vir ducens animalia Hannibal est.
The man leading the animals is Hannibal.
What is/are the object(s) of ducens?
Animalia is not the object of est!!!
It is the object of ducens!

18. Practice Sentences Senex, multas iniurias passus, auxilium petivit.
The old man, having suffered many injuries, sought help.
Ab amicis incitatus, certavit.
Encouraged by his friends, he competed.
Anulum inventum ad dominum tulimus.
When the ring had been found, we took it to the master.
(We took the ring having been found to the master.)

19. ANY QUESTIONS? PRESENT ACTIVE PERFECT ACTIVE FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE