2. Chapter 4 continued Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Energy Energy Options Environmental Degradation Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development

3. Nonrenewable Natural Resources The widespread distribution of nonmetallic elements (e.g. sand & gravel, nitrogen, potash, phosphorous, sulfur, etc.) Uneven distribution of metallic minerals Figure 4.9 – diversity of strategic minerals in U.S. Canada, Australia, South Africa and Russia Growing U.S. dependent on imports Mineral supply options: the oceans, improved mining technologies, recycling Figure 4.10: “transmaterialization” – substitution of advanced materials for natural materials Environmental Impacts – use of lower quality ores

4. Production of Strategic Materials

5. Changing Consumption of Metals

6. Energy – U.S. Consumption With 5% of earths population the U.S. uses 25% of global energy

8. Global Energy Consumption

9. Per capita energy consumption

11. Crude Petroleum Production

12. Crude Petroleum Reserves

13. Oil Production & Consumption U.S. Growing foreign dependence Figure 4.13 Rise of OPEC Global imbalance in energy demand and supply Pressures to increase domestic output – Alaska, Offshore Future demands and supplies: when will global output peak, and what will be the alternative?

14. World Trade in Crude Oil

15. Crude Oil Production & Consumption

16. Production of Natural Gas

17. Natural Gas Reserves

18. World Trade In Natural Gas (Obscures major intranational movements)

19. Global Coal Production

20. Coal Reserves

21. Energy Options Conservation Nuclear Power – Figure 4.23 Geothermal Hydropower Solar Energy Wind Biomass

22. Environmental Degradation Pollution – air and water Wildlife & habitat preservation Environmental Equity Causes of Decrease

23. Sources of Air Pollutants Point vs. Non-point sources

24. Acid Rain Concentrations

25. Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming

26. Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development Environmental spillovers of human development Principle of sustainable development –Western concerns with long-run growth and efficiency, externalizing environmental costs –A critique from the Global South – equity and internalizing environmental costs –P. 145-146 last paragraph before summary

27. Problems of Air pollution, Acid Rain, And Aquifer Depletion

28. Problems of poverty, Poor land distribution, Lack of rural opportunities, Exploitation of environment by corporate interests, Threatening forests, Polluting water, Creating Urban Air Quality Problems

29. Problems Of deforestation, Desertification, Overgrazing, Soil erosion, Wildlife extinction

30. Water supply problems, Overgrazing, Irrigation-induced salinization

31. Marine pollution, Acid rain, Polluted rivers

38. Summary Resource problems can be solved by (1) changing societal goals (2) changing consumption patterns (3) changing technology (4) altering population levels Viewing the “food crisis” as socially constructed Nonrenewable resources – shifting from a growth-oriented to a balance-oriented lifestyle