1. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Lecture – 3

2. Course Outline  IWRM Concepts and principles  Planning fundamentals and processes  Multi-criteria analysis  Functions of water resources system  Water management and sustainable development  National development and water policy  Basin-wide management and water sharing  Multiple users, water rights and conflicts  Sectoral demands and resource allocation  Water use efficiency and productivity  Management of water demand and use  Institutional aspects and people’s participation

3. Course Outline  Planning fundamentals and processes Management cycle Conceptual framework of analysis (planning steps) Strategies, criteria, indicators  Multi-criteria analysis Concept Score card Standardization  Sustainable development Definition Different approaches of evaluation Natural capital theory Indicators  Sectoral demands and resource allocation Economic dimensions of water management Demand of water in different sectors of Bangladesh Water allocation mechanisms (principles and examples)  Management of water demand and use Economic instruments Social instruments Institutional/regulatory instruments  Institutional aspects and people’s participation

4. Management Cycle (2) Detailed preparation and implementation: - of structural and non-structural measures formulated in (1) (e.g. technical design and construction of infrastructure, pricing policies and institutional reforms) - Potential for successful implementation is an important criteria (particularly social acceptability) (1)Planning: - formulation and analysis of alternate plans/strategies - thus prepares for decision making - formulated strategies are evaluated in terms of criteria or indicators - decision makers typically attach weights to criteria in final evaluation (4) Monitoring and evaluation - of performance of implemented measures - integral part of the project cycle, giving essential feedback to the planning and other stages (3) Production of projected outputs: - through operation, maintenance and enforcement of implemented structural and non-structural measures - should be a shared responsibility and task between govt agencies and local beneficiaries

6. Management for what purpose and for whom?  Societal development objective: social and economic development as a whole (whether executed on a local or a national scale) Management by whom?  Water – a public resource; does not mean management is exclusively done by public agencies  Combination of public and private sector organizations and agencies  All agencies are subject to some sort of democratic control

7. Planning concepts and definitions Main purpose of Planning to generate information to enable decision maker on: “what, where, when, by whom the next actions will be taken, at what cost and with what funds obtained from where.” Planning should be heavily supported by analysis and a “framework of analysis” is needed to structure and organize the analysis

8. Aims of water resources planning Planning of development and allocation of a scarce resource, matching availability and demand, taking into account the full set of national objectives and constraints and interests of stakeholders; The main purpose is to ensure the sustainable exploitation of WRS in support of the production of goods and services required to meet national and regional demand objectives; A systematic procedure to generate a synthesis of information in such a manner to gain insight into the nature and consequences of possible management strategies; The analysis for planning aims to identify and formulate feasible management actions; The analysis for planning aims to generate and present quantitative information to enable better decisions on proposed actions for water resources development

9. Planning for WRM: Different degrees of details and for different purposes  National and Regional Master Planning  River Basin Planning  Project Planning

10. Planning for WRM: Different degrees of details and for different purposes  National and Regional Master Planning  draw up an inventory of water related problems, and needs of people for the conservation and utilization of WR for the nation or region  general guidelines for solutions  identify specific regions with complex problems where more detailed regional or river basin planning are needed

11. Planning for WRM: Different degrees of details and for different purposes  River Basin Planning  address needs, resource availability and potentials for development of WR of a basin or region  Responsible agencies identify problems and recommends action plans and programs to be implemented  Projects are identified, and associated impacts, benefits and costs are determined.  Priority of plan elements is identified for project planning level studies

12. Planning for WRM: Different degrees of details and for different purposes  Project Planning  Solutions mentioned in regional or river basin plans are worked out in more detail.  Alternate projects and programs are formulated and evaluated to determine the feasibility of solving the problem in a manner consistent with long-range plans.  Designs, cost estimates and estimates of impacts and benefits are addressed in detail.  A specific course of action is recommended.

13.  Public sector versus private sector decisions Public: deals with allocation of public resources Private: dominated by financial benefit-cost considerations  How public sector decisions differ from private sector decisions  economic efficiency (efficient allocation of resour.)  equity (social distribution of costs and benefits)  inter-generation effects  sustainability  feasibility of implementation (financial, social, administrative)

14. Miscellaneous definitions/concepts  Goals:  Objectives: Broad, qualitative statements about what to be achieved or what problem is to be solved Reflect long term social, economic and ecological concerns and issues at national or regional level. What should be achieved to reach a goal. Major water and development challenges that need to be overcome to achieve the goals

15. Goal: (MDG:1) “Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger” Objective: “Reducing farmers’ vulnerability to drought in rainfed areas” Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management” Project Goal: enhance economic growth and reduce poverty Objective: enhance the livelihood of the rural population by improving the productivity and sustainability of the existing schemes

16. Miscellaneous definitions/concepts  Goals:  Objectives:  Strategies: Broad, qualitative statements about what to be achieved or what problem is to be solved What should be achieved to reach a goal Individual or combination of measures identified to accomplish objectives (infrastructural, management instrument, institutional arrangements)

17. Strategies (individual or combination of measures or management actions)  Physical or infrastructural measures (e.g. barrages, embankments, canals, pumps, fish ladders; operating rules)  Management instruments – implementation incentives (economic: charges/taxes, subsidies; regulatory: regulations/ pollution control)  Institutional arrangements –responsibilities of agencies and linkages (coordinating agencies, decentralization, privatization)  Ecological Measures – to improve functioning of an ecosystem (introducing herbivores, fry)

18. Example strategies: For Flood management Structural measures (embankments) Non-structural measures (flood proofing, disaster preparedness, relief and rehabilitation) Fisheries development? Navigation improvement?

19. Miscellaneous definitions/concepts  Goals:  Objectives:  Strategies:  Criteria: Measures performance of formulated strategies in terms of stated objectives Broad, qualitative statements about what to be achieved or what problem is to be solved What should be achieved to reach a goal Individual or combination of measures identified to accomplish objectives (infrastructural, management instrument, institutional arrangements)

20. Objectives Improve employment Criteria Increase of employment - number of permanent jobs - number of temporary jobs Objectives Increase agricultural production Criteria Paddy (ton/yr) Other crops (ton/yr) Export value of crops (ton/yr) Unit costs of water supply (Tk./m3) % failure meeting demand Objectives Increase fish production Criteria Fish production (ton/yr) Fish pond area (ha) Export value (Tk./yr)

21. Objectives Improve Public health Criteria ?????? Objectives Increase income of people Criteria ?????????????

22. Miscellaneous definitions/concepts  Goals:  Objectives:  Strategies:  Criteria:  Indicators: Measures performance of formulated strategies in terms of stated objectives Broad, qualitative statements about what to be achieved or what problem is to be solved What should be achieved to reach a goal Individual or combination of measures identified to accomplish objectives (infrastructural, management instrument, institutional arrangements) Criteria translated into indicators; represent the behavior or performance of the systems under consideration

24. ObjectiveCriteriaIndicator Increase economic growthNational economyRegional income Foreign currency earning Economic efficiencyEmployment Net economic return Improve social well-beingQuality of lifeNutrition Sanitation Education Housing Public health Access to opportunitiesUnskilled job opportunities Female work opportunities Access to resourcesAccess to common properties Access to small holdings Protect environmentEcological integrityAquatic bio-diversity Terrestrial bio-diversity Mangrove bio-diversity Physical qualitySoil condition Groundwater salinity Goal: ‘optimize use of land resources for shrimp-paddy cultivation in Greater Khulna area’

25. Examples of some other water management indicators  The spatial and temporal variations in water cycle elements, such as water resources availability (m3/person/year), water use  Efficiency of water use (crop per drop, greatest value to society per m3 of water used)  Efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery (water costs $/m3, number of households served, area served by different types of irrigation system)  Water quality and biodiversity/ecology (no. of species /km2 or stretch of river, quality of surface water)  Performance of water service providers??  Links between water provision and poverty??  Equity of allocation of water across sectors??

27. Miscellaneous definitions/concepts  Goals:  Objectives:  Strategies:  Criteria:  Indicators:  Scenarios: Measures performance of formulated strategies in terms of stated objectives Broad, qualitative statements about what to be achieved or what problem is to be solved What should be achieved to reach a goal Individual or combination of measures identified to accomplish objectives (infrastructural, management instrument, institutional arrangements) Criteria translated into indicators; represent the behavior or performance of the systems under consideration Changes beyond the control of managers

28. Scenarios Developments which take place outside the WRS and which cannot be influenced by water management strategy, by may have an important influence on the WRS Economic and human development (affect available resources and demand for them)  economic growth  population growth  world market prices  Changes in natural system processes due to anthropogenic and natural causes  deforestation  long-term coastal formation Climate change factors

29. Miscellaneous definitions/concepts  Goals:  Objectives:  Strategies:  Criteria:  Indicators:  Scenarios:  Constraints: Measures performance of formulated strategies in terms of stated objectives Broad, qualitative statements about what to be achieved or what problem is to be solved What should be achieved to reach a goal Individual or combination of measures identified to accomplish objectives (infrastructural, management instrument, institutional arrangements) Criteria translated into indicators; represent the behavior or performance of the systems under consideration in more general terms Changes beyond the control of managers Pose limitations to possible measures and solutions

30. Constraints Political preferences and limited budgets may rule out certain solutions Natural regime of rivers and rainfall and the available soil may present a limit for possible measures Improvement of certain social conditions may be formulated as a must which is to be kept out from a comparison between alternative solutions.