1. Civil Rights for minority groups
While African Americans fought for and gained equal right protection, other minority groups also worked for equality

2. Review: Seneca Falls
The Women’s Rights movement officially began in 1848 when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY. The meeting issued the Declaration of sentiments and set the goals of equality among men and women.

3. Review: Susan B. Anthony
Susan b Anthony was at the forefront of the Women’s Suffrage movement in the US. Using nonviolent methods, protests, and petitions Anthony and the suffragists pushed for the right to vote. Without the vote, women have no say in the laws they are forced to follow.

4. Review: Suffrage 19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. Years of protests and gaining momentum helped women gain the right. However, it was their involvement in factories during World War I that helped gain public support for Suffrage for women.

5. Feminism vs Sexism Feminism Sexism
Belief that women should have equal social, political and economic rights as men
Beliefs and practices that discriminate base on sex

6. Women’s Rights Movement
The Women’s Rights Movement of the 1960s and ‘70s focused mostly on equality economically and socially. These goals include jobs opportunities, equal pay for the same work and end to discrimination based on sex.

7. The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan wrote the book The Feminine Mystique as an exposé of society’s role pushing women out of the job market, and back into the home after World War II. Friedan’s book influenced and energize the women’s movement of the mid 1900s. Basic message was that not all women are happy as homemakers.

8. Title VII (7)
Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes discrimination based on race or sex illegal. The Civil Rights Act was passed shortly after JFK’s assassination, signed into law by President Lyndon D. Johnson.

9. Equal Rights Amendment
Remember, the most common Amendment process is for Congress to approve a proposed amendment, then have ¾ of the states ratify (approve) it
Though the ERA was never ratified (approved) its goal was to create an amendment to safeguard equality for all sexes. The ERA Amendment failed by only 3 state votes. Though the Equal Rights Amendment failed, Congress did pass the Equal Pay Act to require equal pay for equal work.

10. Title IX (9)
Education Amendment Act passed in 1972 included Title IX which guarantees equal funding to both boys and girls in federal funded educational programs. Most people think it only applies to sports, but it applies to all educational programs such as music, class offerings, sports and arts.

11. Roe v Wade 1973
In this landmark decision, the Supreme Court guaranteed a woman’s right to terminate pregnancy. The court declared that a woman’s right to privacy gives them the right to decide for themselves. The Supreme Court does allow laws limiting abortion during the last trimester, or after the first 6 months. Today legal challenges remain against the decision.

12. Affirmative Action
Many view Affirmative Action as a quota system. There have been several court cases challenging Affirmative action from “non-minority” groups who were more qualified but passed over for an affirmative action selection
Positive steps to eliminate the effects of past discrimination in hiring. In theory the plan is to create opportunities for minorities that in the past were overlooked. However, in practice it often meant giving preference to members of minorities in hiring and college admissions.

13. Glass Ceiling Glass Ceiling-
Despite the Equal Pay Act and Affirmative action, there is still a glass ceiling that often prevents women from achieving the highest levels of employment and pay. Though there are many women CEO’s today, they are still a small percentage compared to male CEOs.
Glass Ceiling-
Women are promoted high enough to see the top positions but not further

14. Setbacks for Women
Some supporters felt that rights were achieved with suffrage and Affirmative Action. Others felt the women’s movement undermined traditional values.
Many opponents blamed social changes such as increasing divorce rates, more abortions and acceptance of homosexuality on the Women’s movement.

15. Women’s Rights today
Though the inequalities in pay and CEO positions continues today, there have been many improvements for women in society:
-Sexual Harassment prevention is common in the workplace
-Renewed focus on equal pay by many female celebrities
-Anti-catcalling laws

16. Review: Latin America
Latin America is any area South of the United States. The Monroe Doctrine prevented further European Colonization of Latin America. However, after the closing of the frontier, America began Imperialism. We played a role in many Latin American affairs, prompting the Roosevelt Corollary, making America the police force of Latin America. With Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy the US gained land to build the Panama Canal.

17. Chicano Farmers
Many Latin Americans, especially Mexican immigrants, came to the US to work. Large numbers worked as Migrant farm workers. They moved from farm to farm as crops were ready for Harvest. However, they struggled against discrimination, low pay and dangerous working conditions.

18. Cesar Chavez
Though the US had many laws to protect workers, large farm owners ignored these laws. Most migrant workers weren’t citizens, but workers with temporary visas. It wasn’t until 1962 that a migrant farm worker began to make a difference, Cesar Chavez.

19. United Farm Workers
Chavez started the United Farm Workers union to represent migrant farm workers. Using nonviolent methods, such as product boycotts, the United Workers gained rights for many grape and lettuce pickers. Chavez made the Latino population in America more visible.

20. Review: Native Americans
As America grew, the 100 million acres in Georgia owned by the Native Americans offered fertile land for hundreds of Southern Plantation owners. However, treaties with the Natives made it illegal for the Americans to take the land. In Worchester v. Georgia the Supreme Court declared the Indian Removal Act, forcing them to move, unconstitutional. President Jackson ordered the military to move the natives, this became known as the Trail of Tears.

21. Native Americans
In 1924 the Native Americans finally received full citizenship in the United States. Most were unemployed and living without basics like heating and water. In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act 1934 rebuilt tribes and value culture. However, average income was far below the national poverty level and native society suffered from high alcoholism and suicide.

22. Native Americans 1950s
Formed American Indian Movement calling for “Red Power”, or strengthening Native American power. However, the Red Power movement had many militant sects (groups):
-took control of Alcatraz
-occupied government buildings in Washington, D.C.
-occupied Wounded Knee village
The militant actions drew attention to their issues. In the government paid $80 million as fee for their “lost land”

23. NYS and Native groups
NYS has a number of native tribes. While relations have been better in recent years, there is a long history of legal action between the NYS Native tribes and NYS government:
-County of Oneida v Oneida Indian Nation- Indians can sue for their ‘lost land’
-St. Regis Falls- Akwesasne Reservation gained more control over their reservation and casino

24. Disabled Americans
Traditionally, disabled Americans were cared for by their families in the home. Such arrangements often led to abuse and neglect. In the late 1800s Dorothea Dix, of Massachusetts started a campaign to improve medical facilities for the mentally ill. Her actions led to over 30 Massachusetts state institutes.

25. Schools for Disabled Americans
Gallaudet College- founded for the hearing impaired
Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT)- Deaf institute for hearing impaired students in the technology and Science fields
Perkins school in Boston became the model for schools for the blind
Today most disabled American students are mainstreamed in schools. This system helps bring the handicapped out of isolation.

26. Programs for the disabled
President Kennedy established the Presidential Commission on Mental Retardation to study problems experienced by the mentally handicapped. Kennedy also backed the establishment of the Special Olympics to provide an encouragement for handicapped athletes.

27. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibited discrimination in employment, public accommodation, transportation, state and local government services and telecommunications. The act also required accessibility to public buildings and transportation.
Famous handicapped Americans also promoted rights for civil rights:
-Elizabeth Taylor with AIDs research
-Christopher Reeves for spinal cord injuries
-Michael J. Fox for Parkinson’s disease

28. Review
Which development contributed most to the expansion of the suburbs since the 1950s?
Construction of interstate highways
Invention of the computer
Completion of the transcontinental railroad
Development of jet aircraft

29. Review
When President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, during the 1957 school integration crisis, he was exercising his constitutional power as
Chief legislator
Commander in chief
Chief diplomat
Head of state

30. Review
What was the significance of the use of federal marshals to protect African American students in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957?
1.It was the first time martial law had been declared in the United States
2. It led to federal takeover of many southern public schools
3. It strengthened control of education by state governments
4. It showed that the federal government would enforce court decisions on integration

31. Review
“We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
This quotation expresses the Supreme Court decision in the case of
1.Plessy v Ferguson
2. Engel v Vitale
3. Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District
4. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

32. Review
The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren had a major impact on the United States in that this court
Became involved in foreign affairs by reviewing the constitutionality of treaties
Weakened the judiciary by refusing to deal with controversial issues
Supported the idea that states could nullify acts of Congress
Followed a policy of judicial activism, leading to broad changes in American society

33. Review
Segregation in public schools was declared unconstitutional because it violated the
Reserved powers provision
Due process of law provision
Principle of equal protection under the law
Principle of a clear and present danger

34. Review
One similarity between the laws being challenged in the United States Supreme Court cases of Plessy v Ferguson (1896) an Korematsu v United States (1944) is that
Specific groups of people were being targeted based on race or ethnicity
State laws were declared unconstitutional
Immigrants were relocated to prison camps
Federal laws segregating public transportation were upheld