1. Voices of Protest

2. The Warren Court  Chief Justice Earl Warren  Began conservative, but beliefs became more liberal over the years  Tried to correct what the Court saw as the nation’s social ills  Believed in equal justice under the law for African Americans, a poor person, an accused criminal, an immigrant, or a city dweller

3. Women’s Movement  Betty Freidan wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963 - Stated that women were not “only suited for low paying jobs” - Women’s achievements could also be measured as wives and mothers  Many women supported these ideas and began looking for alternatives to marriage, childbearing, and homemaking  Many women opposed these ideas as well. They supported traditional roles for women

4. Women’s Issues in the 60’s  For every $1 a man earned a female earned $0.59  Women only held 5% of the legislative seats in the country  13 women were in Congress  The FDA approved birth control allowing couples to plan their families  Formation of NOW – National Organization for Women in 1966

5. Women in the 1970’s  In 1970, the Labor Department required employers to hire a certain percentage of women  1972 - Education Amendments Act – outlawed sexual discrimination in education - school boards had to rewrite policies that limited girls to cooking classes and boys to shop classes - asked school to support girls’ athletics  1976 West Point and Annapolis (military academies) to females  1923 – 1982 fight for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Failed in 1982  1973 Roe v Wade = Abortions

6. Hispanic Americans  Numbers of Hispanic Americans increased dramatically in the 1960s – 1970s  Very little representation in the state legislatures and Congress  Bilingual education was a controversial topic - some believed it delayed assimilation (the melting pot)  The Supreme Court upheld rulings that schools had to meet the needs of its students

7. Cesar Chavez  1927 – 1993  He was a community and labor activist in the 1950s  He founded the National Farm Workers of America in 1962  In 1968, he called for a boycott of California table grapes due to poor working conditions and improved pay - this lasted for 5 years until he won

8. Cesar Chavez  In 1972, he merged his union with another union to form The United Farm Workers  He encouraged nonviolent protests (inspired by Gandhi and MLK, Jr.)  He often went on hunger strikes to help bring attention to his causes  Mini Bio Video Mini Bio Video