1. Human Geography By James Rubenstein
Chapter 9
Key Issue 1
Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
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2. The world is divided between relatively rich and relatively poor countries.
Geographers try to understand the reasons for this division and learn what can be done about it.
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3. More Developed Country (MDC)
Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
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4. Less Developed Country (LDC)
Also known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.
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5. Human Development Index (HDI)
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
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6. Human Development Index
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7. Three Factors of Development
Economic (Gross domestic product per capita)
Social (Literacy rate and amount of education)
Demographic (Life expectancy)
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8. Economic Indicators of Development
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9. Economic Indicators of Development
Besides per capita GDP, 4 other economic factors distinguish MDCs from LDCs;
Economic structure,
Worker productivity,
Access to raw materials, and
Availability of consumer goods.
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10. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally a year).
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11. Per Capita GDP
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12. Gross National Product (GNP)
Similar to GDP, except that it includes income that people earn abroad, such as a Canadian working in the United States.
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13. The world’s lowest per capita GDP are found in sub-Sahara Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
The gap in per capita GDP between MDCs and LDCs has been widening during the past quarter century.
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14. Per capita GDP measures average (mean) wealth, not its distribution.
Per capita GDP, or any other single indicator, cannot measure perfectly the level of a country’s development.
Per capita GDP measures average (mean) wealth, not its distribution.
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15. Types of Jobs All jobs fall into one of three categories;
Primary (including agriculture),
Secondary (including manufacturing), and
Tertiary (including services).
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16. Primary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
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17. Secondary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
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18. Tertiary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
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19. Quaternary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with business services, such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling.
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20. Quinary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism, and recreation.
Current practice is to include quaternary and quinary sectors in the tertiary sector
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21. The % of people working in agriculture exceeds 75% in many LDCs, compared to less than 5% in many MDCs.
A high % of agricultural workers in a country indicates that most of its people are spending their days producing food for their own survival.
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22. Within MDCs, primary and secondary sector jobs have decreased.
Decline in manufacturing jobs reflects greater efficiency inside the factories and increased global competition.
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23. Relationship between type of jobs and development
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24. Production in LDCs must rely more on human and animal power.
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Production in LDCs must rely more on human and animal power.
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25. Value Added
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
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26. Development requires access to raw materials and energy.
In Europe, countries took advantage of domestic coal and iron ore to promote industrial development throughout the 19th century.
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27. Created to ensure adequate supply of raw materials.
European Colonies
Created to ensure adequate supply of raw materials.
As colonies of Africa and Asia gained independence, they continued to supply the raw materials used in European industry.
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28. As prices for raw materials decline due to global supply, LDCs have had difficulty achieving development.
In a global economy, availability of raw materials and energy resources measures a country’s development potential rather than its actual development.
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29. Consumer Goods *Important*
The wealth used to buy nonessentials promotes expansion of manufacturing, which in turn generates additional wealth in the society.
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30. Quantity and type of goods and services is a good measure of the level of development.
Particularly good indicators are motor vehicles, telephones, and televisions.
The number of individuals per telephone and motor vehicles exceeds 100 in most LDCs.
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31. Telephone Lines per 1000 Persons
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32. In LDCs, the minority who own consumer goods, such as telephones, motor vehicles, and televisions, are government officials, landowners, and other elites.
As a result of greater exposure to cultural diversity, people in MDCs display different social characteristics from people in LDCs.
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33. Social Indicators of Development
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34. Social Indicators of Development
MDCs use part of their greater wealth to provide schools, hospitals, and welfare services. Infants survive, and adults live longer. Well educated, healthy, and secure populations can be more economically productive.
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35. Education and Literacy
The assumption; no matter how poor the school, the longer the pupils attend, the more likely they are to learn.--
The reality; quality of education is measured by student/teacher ratio and literacy rate.
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36. Student/Teacher Ratio
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37. The average pupil attends school for about 10 years in MDCs, compared to only a couple of years in LDCs.
LDCs must learn technical information from books that usually are not in their native language, but in English, German, Russian, or French.
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38. Literacy Rate
The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.
It exceeds 95% in MDCs, compared to less than 1/3rd in many LDCs.
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39. Health and Welfare
When people get sick, MDCs possess the resources to care for them.
In many wealthier countries, health care is a public service for little or no cost.
The United States is an exception.
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40. Persons per Physician
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41. People in MDCs receive more calories and proteins daily than they need.
In LDCs of Africa and Asia, most people receive less than the daily minimum allowance of calories and proteins recommended by the United Nations.
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42. Daily Available Calories per Capita
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43. Demographic Indicators of Development
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44. Life Expectancy
Babies born today can expect to live into their early forties in LDCs and mid-seventies in MDCs.
Males live 9 years longer in MDCs than in LDCs.
Females live 13 years longer.
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45. Infant Mortality Rate
In LDCs, 90% of infants survive, while 99% of infants survive in MDCs.
Babies die of malnutrition and dehydration from diarrhea.
Some die from poor medical practices, such as umbilical cords cut with dirty knives.
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46. CBR does not indicate a society’s level of development.
Crude Birth Rate
Annual CBR exceeds 40 per 1000 in LDCs, while it is less than 15 per 1000 in MDCs.
CBR does not indicate a society’s level of development.
The mortality rate for women in childbirth is significantly higher in LDCs.
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