1. Section 1: The Call to Arms
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 1: The Call to Arms
Standard Trace the boundaries constituting the North and the South, the geographical differences between the two regions, and the differences between agrarians and industrialists.
Standard Describe critical developments and events in the war, including the major battles, geographical advantages and obstacles, technological advances, and General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.
Standard Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.

2. Taking Sides in the War Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
After the surrender at Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked the nation’s governors to raise 75,000 troops.
Support was strong, and many states begged to send more troops than Lincoln requested.
Several border states did not respond with support.
Lincoln’s call for support led Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas to join the Confederacy.
As the war began and states chose sides, loyalties in the four border states were divided.

3. Taking Sides in the War Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The western counties of Virginia did not support secession.
These 50 counties became the Union state of West Virginia in 1863.
The states of Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, and Missouri stayed in the Union despite the fact that many people in these states supported the South.
As the war began and states chose sides, loyalties in the four border states were divided.

4. Taking Sides in the War Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The state of Maryland was critical to the Union.
If Maryland had fallen to the Confederacy, the capital would have been surrounded.
Lincoln declared martial law in eastern Maryland after southern sympathizers destroyed railroad and telegraph lines.
Kentucky and Missouri were important for maintaining control of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
As the war began and states chose sides, loyalties in the four border states were divided.

5. North Against South Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The South had distinct military advantages.
Northern armies would have to invade and conquer the South.
Confederates would be fighting on familiar territory.
Most of the nation’s experienced military officers were southerners.
The Confederacy’s top three generals, Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston, and Robert E. Lee had all resigned from the U.S. Army.
Each side had its advantages and disadvantages, and each side was sure it would win.

6. North Against South Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The North had about 85% of the factories in the U.S.
The North had twice as much railroad track and almost twice as much farmland.
The Union possessed two-thirds of the population.
In the South, more than one-third of the people were enslaved.
Each side had its advantages and disadvantages, and each side was sure it would win.

7. The Two Sides Plan Strategy
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Two Sides Plan Strategy
The North planned to isolate the South by blockading its ports.
The North wanted to gain control of the Mississippi to split the South in two.
The Union also planned to invade Virginia and seize Richmond, the Confederate capital.
While the North wanted to isolate the South and invade it, the South hoped to get help from Europe.

8. The Two Sides Plan Strategy
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Two Sides Plan Strategy
The South planned to defend their land and wait for northerners to get tired of fighting.
The Confederates sought aid from Britain and other European nations.
They hoped Britain’s need of cotton would force them to support the South.
While the North wanted to isolate the South and invade it, the South hoped to get help from Europe.

9. American Against Americans
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
American Against Americans
Some families had sons in the war fighting on different sides.
Mary Lincoln had four brothers who fought for the South.
Nearly half of the North’s troops were farmers.
One fourth were immigrants.
The war often divided families as it drew most adult males on both sides into the military.

10. American Against Americans
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
American Against Americans
Three fourths of the South’s 1 million white males between ages 18 and 45 served in the army.
Two thirds of northern males of the same age fought for the Union.*************************
The war often divided families as it drew most adult males on both sides into the military.

11. First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
Union General Irvin McDowell took 30,000 troops into Virginia where they met about the same number of Confederate troops.
Hundreds of northerners rode out from Washington to see the battle, expecting an easy Union victory.
The battle took place along the Bull Run River on July 21.
The Union troops initially advanced, but the battle slowly turned in favor of the Confederates.
Expectations of a quick victory were dashed at Bull Run in July 1861.

12. A Soldier’s Life Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Most soldiers spent the majority of their time in camp.
Camp conditions were often miserable due to weather and disease.
Both sides had prison camps for captured soldiers.
Nearly 10% of soldiers who died in the war perished in prison camps.
The worst camps were at Elmira, New York and Andersonville, Georgia.
Rain, mud, disease, and crowded prison camps took a heavy toll on both sides.

13. Section 2: The Call to Arms
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 2: The Call to Arms
Standard Study the views and lives of leaders (e.g., Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee) and soldiers on both sides of the war, including those of black soldiers and regiments.
Standard Describe critical developments and events in the war, including the major battles, geographical advantages and obstacles, technological advances, and General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.

14. New Technology in the War
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
New Technology in the War
New weapons made the Civil War more deadly than any previous war.
New rifles and cannons were far more accurate and had a greater range than the old muskets and artillery.
They could also be loaded faster.
Both sides made use of ironclads.
The most famous naval battle of the war was fought between two ironclads, the Union’s Monitor and the Confederacy’s Merrimack in March 1862.
The use of new weapons forced commanders to rethink their tactics.

15. The War in the East Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
After the Union’s defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln put General George McClellan in command.
McClellan was notoriously cautious and took a long time to prepare for his first attack.
In March 1862, McClellan moved 100,000 soldiers to a peninsula southeast of Richmond.
Though he possessed superior numbers, McClellan stopped his advance and asked for more troops.
Each side suffered setbacks in the East in 1862.

16. The War in the East Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
By the time McClellan advanced again, the Confederates had reinforced and stopped the Union advance near Richmond.
In late June, McClellan had to retreat.
Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North, hoping to gain support from Europe and turn northern public support against the war.
A Union officer found a paper showing Lee’s battle plan.
Each side suffered setbacks in the East in 1862.

17. The War in the East Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
McClellan learned Lee had divided his army into two parts.
McClellan’s troops attacked the larger part of Lee’s army at Antietam Creek on September 17, 1862.
This was the bloodiest day of the Civil War.
The Union suffered about 12,000 casualties, while the South lost nearly 14,000 men.
Lee was forced to pull his army back into Virginia.
Each side suffered setbacks in the East in 1862.

18. The War in the West Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Ulysses S. Grant led the most successful army in the West.
Grant was much more aggressive than McClellan.
In February 1862, Grant moved his army south from Kentucky, capturing Fort Henry on the Tennessee River.
He then captured Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River.
Two water routes had been opened into the western Confederacy.
In the West, Union forces seized control of most of the Mississippi River in 1862.

19. The War in the West Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Grant’s army advanced toward Corinth, Mississippi, an important railroad center.
Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston attacked Grant’s troops on April 6, 1862 at Shiloh Church.
The Battle of Shiloh cost the South nearly 11,000 casualties and the North more than 13,000.
The Union forced the Confederate army to withdraw from the railroad center.
In the West, Union forces seized control of most of the Mississippi River in 1862.

20. The War in the West Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The Union had gained control of western Tennessee and part of the Mississippi River.
Two weeks after the Battle of Shiloh, a Union fleet commanded by David Farragut entered the Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico.
On April 26, Farragut captured New Orleans, Louisiana.
By summer, nearly the entire river was in Union hands.
In the West, Union forces seized control of most of the Mississippi River in 1862.

21. Section 3: The Emancipation Proclamation
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 3: The Emancipation Proclamation
Standard Discuss Abraham Lincoln’s presidency and his significant writings and speeches and their relationship to the Declaration of Independence, such as his Emancipation Proclamation (1863).
Standard Study the views and lives of leaders (e.g., Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee) and soldiers on both sides of the war, including those of black soldiers and regiments.
Standard Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.

22. Emancipating the Enslaved
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Emancipating the Enslaved
Lincoln was resistant to issuing an emancipation decree because he feared it might make the border states secede.
As the war proceeded, he gradually changed his mind.
Lincoln’s cabinet advised him to wait until after a success on the battlefield.
Lincoln was slow to decide on emancipation but finally embraced it as a necessary war measure

23. Emancipating the Enslaved
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Emancipating the Enslaved
On September 22, 1862, a few days after Lee’s retreat from Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation.
The Proclamation freed enslaved people only in areas that were fighting the Union.
It did not free anyone in the border states.
Lincoln was slow to decide on emancipation but finally embraced it as a necessary war measure

24. Emancipating the Enslaved
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Emancipating the Enslaved
The Emancipation Proclamation dashed any hopes that Britain would recognize the South’s independence.
Britain would not help a government that was fighting to keep people enslaved.
Lincoln was slow to decide on emancipation but finally embraced it as a necessary war measure.

25. African Americans Help the Union
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
African Americans Help the Union
African American soldiers were not permitted to join the Union army until after the Emancipation Proclamation.
Ultimately, 189,000 African Americans served in the Union army or navy.
Thousands supported the Union in noncombat roles.
They often worked for Union armies as cooks, wagon drivers, and hospital aides.
African Americans fought for the Union and made other contributions to the war effort.

26. Section 4: The Civil War and American Life
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 4: The Civil War and American Life
Standard Trace the boundaries constituting the North and the South, the geographical differences between the two regions, and the differences between agrarians and industrialists.
Standard Identify the constitutional issues posed by the doctrine of nullification and secession and the earliest origins of that doctrine.
Standard Study the views and lives of leaders (e.g., Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee) and soldiers on both sides of the war, including those of black soldiers and regiments.
Standard Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.

27. Divisions Over the War Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Not all northerners supported a war to end slavery.
Not all white southerners supported a war to defend slavery or secession.
Southern opposition to the war was strongest in Georgia and North Carolina.
Regions with large slaveholding plantations supported the war more strongly than poor backcountry regions.
On both sides, pursuit of the war was hampered by disagreements among the people.

28. Divisions Over the War Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Many northerners opposed the Emancipation Proclamation.
Northern Democrats who opposed the war were called Copperheads.
Copperheads were strongest in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
They called for peace with the Confederacy.
On both sides, pursuit of the war was hampered by disagreements among the people.

29. Divisions Over the War Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Some people on both sides tried to disrupt the war effort.
They urged soldiers to desert.
To deal with these problems, Lincoln and Davis suspended the right of habeas corpus in some places during the war.
In the North, more than 13,000 people were arrested and jailed without trials.
On both sides, pursuit of the war was hampered by disagreements among the people.

30. The Draft Laws Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Between 300,000 and 550,000 Union and Confederate soldiers left their units and went home.
About half returned after their crops were planted or harvested.
Each side established a draft.
The Confederacy passed a law requiring white men between 18 and 35 to serve for three years.
Later the age range was changed to 17 and 50.
The North adopted a similar law.
Both sides found it necessary to draft men into military service.

31. The Draft Laws Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
In the South, a man who held at least 20 enslaved people did not have to serve.
Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutes.
Northerners could avoid the draft by paying the government $300.
Both sides found it necessary to draft men into military service.

32. The War and Economic Strains
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War and Economic Strains
Northern industries boomed as they turned out goods the Union needed in the war.
To pay the costs of fighting the war, Congress levied the first income tax in American history.
The Union also printed $400 million of paper money to help pay its expenses.
The extra money caused the prices of goods to increase an average of 80% during the war.
The war strained the finances of governments and individuals.

33. The War and Economic Strains
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
The War and Economic Strains
The South was less able than the North to sustain a war.
The Union blockade prevented the South from raising money by selling cotton overseas.
This led to much greater inflation than in the North.
The war strained the finances of governments and individuals.

34. Women in the Civil War Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
At least 400 women disguised themselves as men and joined the Union or Confederate armies.
Some became spies behind enemy lines.
Women ran businesses, farms, and plantations in place of men who were serving in the military.
Some did factory work.
Perhaps their largest contribution was in the area of nursing.
Over 10,000 women became nurses in the North.
The war opened many new opportunities for women, who contributed greatly to the war effort.

35. Section 5: Decisive Battles
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 5: Decisive Battles
Standard Discuss Abraham Lincoln’s presidency and his significant writings and speeches and their relationship to the Declaration of Independence, such as his Gettysburg Address (1863).
Standard Describe critical developments and events in the war, including the major battles, geographical advantages and obstacles, technological advances, and General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.
Standard Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.

36. The Tide Turns Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside.
Burnside wanted impress Lincoln with a bold attack on Richmond.
General Lee massed 75,000 troops at Fredericksburg, Virginia to block the Union path.
Burnside attacked with 120,000 troops, using traditional tactics.
The Union suffered nearly 13,000 casualties in the Battle of Fredericksburg.
After suffering some defeats, Union forces gained the upper hand by winning major battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

37. The Tide Turns Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker.
Hooker again marched the Union army toward Richmond.
In May 1863, Hooker’s army was smashed at the Battle of Chancellorsville by a force that was half its size.
In the battle, Stonewall Jackson was badly wounded and died a few days later.
After suffering some defeats, Union forces gained the upper hand by winning major battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

38. Gettysburg Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
These Confederate victories made Lee bolder.
Once again, he invaded the North, hoping for a victory on Union soil.
On July 1, Confederate soldiers were confronted at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
The next day, more than 85,000 Union soldiers faced some 75,000 Confederates.
The Confederacy suffered more than 28,000 casualties to the Union’s 23,000.
After suffering some defeats, Union forces gained the upper hand by winning major battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

39. Gettysburg Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
At the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee had lost nearly a third of his troops.
In November 1863, Lincoln made his famous Gettysburg Address to honor the soldiers who had died there.
After suffering some defeats, Union forces gained the upper hand by winning major battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

40. Vicksburg Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
On July 4, 1863, the southern city of Vicksburg finally surrendered to General Grant.
Grant’s troops had begun a siege of the city six weeks earlier.
30,000 Confederate troops surrendered at Vicksburg.
A few days later, the last Confederate stronghold, Port Hudson, Louisiana also gave up.
The Union gained complete control of the Mississippi River.
After suffering some defeats, Union forces gained the upper hand by winning major battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

41. Closing in on the Confederacy
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Closing in on the Confederacy
In 1864, Lincoln gave Ulysses S. Grant command of all Union forces.
Throughout the spring of 1864, Grant repeatedly attacked Lee’s troops in northern Virginia.
Both sides suffered heavy casualties.
Grant began a siege of Petersburg in June 1864 that would continue for nearly 10 months.
With Grant in command, Union forces carried the war to the heart of the Confederacy.

42. Closing in on the Confederacy
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Closing in on the Confederacy
On September 2, 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman’s troops captured Atlanta.
In November, Sherman ordered Atlanta burned.
He marched his troops toward the Atlantic Ocean, leaving a path of destruction.
Union troops set fire to buildings, seized crops and livestock, and pulled up railroad tracks.
The army then headed north across the Carolinas.
With Grant in command, Union forces carried the war to the heart of the Confederacy.

43. Closing in on the Confederacy
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Closing in on the Confederacy
In his Second Inaugural Address in March 1865, Lincoln asked Americans to forgive and forget.
“With malice toward none; with charity for all;…let us strive together…to bind up the nation’s wounds,” said Lincoln.
With Grant in command, Union forces carried the war to the heart of the Confederacy.

44. Surrender at Appomattox
Chapter 11 The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Surrender at Appomattox
On April 2, Grant’s troops finally broke through Confederate lines.
Richmond fell that evening.
Lee’s army retreated to the town of Appomattox Court House.
On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant.
Grant offered Lee generous surrender terms.
The Confederates had to give up their weapons and leave in peace.
Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, putting an end to the long and bloody war.