1. 1 BACTERIA Biology Chapter 24

2. 2 Bacteria are very small

3. 3 This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria

4. 4 Bacteria are very small compar- ed to cells with nuclei

5. 5 Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it Bacteria

6. 6 Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch

7. 7 Evolution/Classification  Most numerous on Earth  Most Ancient  Microscopic Prokaryotes  Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can.  Grouped based on: Structure, physiology, molec. Composition reaction to specific types of stain. Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria Archaebacteria

8. 8 Kingdom Archaebacteria  First discovered in extreme environments  Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H 2 and CO 2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts  Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea.  Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents

9. 9 Volcanic vents on the sea floor

10. 10 Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.

11. 11 The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria

12. 12 Kingdom Eubacteria  Can have one of three basic shapes 1.Bacilli – rod-shaped 2.Spirilla – spiral-shaped 3.Cocci – sphere-shaped Streptococci – in chains Staphylococci – grape-like clusters SHOW ME

13. 13 BACTERIA PICS

14. 14 Bacillus bacteria are rod or sausage shaped

15. 15 Coccus bacteria are sphere or ball shaped

16. 16 Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape

17. 17 Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea

18. 18 Staphylo - bacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts

19. 19 Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats

20. 20 Spirillium bacteria

21. 21 Diplobacillus bacteria

22. 22 Streptococcus bacteria

23. 23 Staphylococcus bacteria

24. 24 The tip of a needle The red and yellow dots are bacteria

25. 25 Gram Stain  Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple Have thicker layer in cell wall.  Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead. PhylumShapeMotilityMetabolismGram reacion CyanobacteriaBacilli, Cocci Gliding, some non- motile Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative SpirochetesSpiralsCorkscrewAerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic Gram- negative Gram-PosBacilli, cocci Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic Mostly gram- positive ProteobacteriaBacilli, cocci, spiral Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative

26. 26 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA StructureFunction Cell WallProtects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration CytoplasmContains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromo- some Carries genetic information PlasmidContains some genes obtained through recomb. Capsule & Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces EndosporeProtects cell agains harsh enviornments PilusAssists the cell in attaching to other surfaces FlagellumMoves the cell

27. 27 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm

28. 28 Nutrition and Growth  Heterotrophic or Autotrophic  Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy  Some are Chemoautotrophs.  Many are Obligate Anaerobes. Oxygen = Death  Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus  Some are Faculatative Anaerobes With or without Oxygen  Ex. Escherichia Coli  Some are Obligate Aerobes Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Temperature requirements Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.

29. 29 These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -- remember oil is partially decayed plant and animal cells

30. 30 REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA (please add to notes)

31. 31 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm

32. 32 BACTERIA REPRODUCES BY FISSION First the chromosomal DNA makes a copy The DNA replicates

33. 33 NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES The two resulting cells are exactly the same

34. 34 In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids

35. 35 Genetic Recombination  Nonreproductive Methods bacteria can acquire new genetic material. CharacteristicTransformationConjugationTransduction Method of DNA Transfer Across cell wall and cell membrane of recepient Through a conjugation bridge between two cells By a virus Plasmid transfer Yes Not likely Chromosome transfer NoSometimesNo Antibiotic resistance acquired Yes Sometimes

36. 36 TRANSFORMATION This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein

37. 37 CONJUGATION

38. 38 TRANSDUCTION

39. 39 Bacteria and Disease DiseasePathogenAreas affected Mode of transmission BotulismClostridium botulinumNervesImproperly preserved food CholeraVibrio choleraeIntestineContaminated water Dental CariesStreptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius TeethEnvironment to mouth GonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhoeaeUrethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme diseaseBerrelia burgdorferiSkin, jointsTick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsiiBlood, skinTick bite Salmonella IntestineContaminated food, water Strep throatStreptococcus pyogenesURT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. TetanusCostridium tetaniNervesContaminated wounds TuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosisLung, bones coughs

40. 40 Some bacteria cause diseases -- Disease causing bacteria are call PATHOGENIC

41. 41 Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers

42. 42 Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.

43. 43 BOTULISM

44. 44 CHOLERA

45. 45 DENTAL CARIES

46. 46 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF

47. 47 LYME DISEASE

48. 48 SALMONELLA

49. 49 STREP THROAT

50. 50 TETANUS

51. 51 TUBERCULOSIS

52. 52 Common Antibiotics AntibioticMechanismTarget bacteria PenicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive AmpicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisBroad spectrum BacitracinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive – Skin Ointment CephalosporinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive TetracyclineInhibits Protein SynthesisBroad spectrum StreptomycinInhibits Protein SynthesisGram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drugInhibits cell metabolismBacterial meningitis, UTI RifampinInhibits RNA synthesisGram Pos., some Neg. QuinolinesInhibits DNA SynthesisUTI

53. 53 Some Final Information  Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat.  Some Bacteria are Useful Ex.) Producing and Processing food Breaking down dead organic material Make unripened cheese like ricotta and cottage by breaking down the protein in milk.

54. 54 VIRUSES Non-living but depends on the living!

55. 55 STRUCTURE  Nonliving  Composed of Nucleic acid and protein  Cause many diseases  Virology – Study of Viruses  Comparison of Viruses and Cells below Char. Of LifeVirusCell GrowthNoYes HomeostasisNoYes MetabolismNoYes MutationYes Nucleic acidDNA or RNADNA ReproductionOnly within host cellIndependently by cell division StructureNucleic acid core, protein covering, some have envelope Cytoplasm, cell membrane, etc..

56. 56

57. 57 Here is a non-enveloped bacteria virus inserting it’s DNA into a bacterial cell.

58. 58 Some virus are pushed out by the cell, taking some of the cell membrane with them.

59. 59 Characteristics of Viruses  2 essential features  1. Nucleic Acid May be DNA or RNA Helical, closed loop, or long strand  2. Protein Coat – called CAPSID  Some have ENVELOPE Ex. Influenza, chickepox, herpes simplex, HIV  VIRAL SHAPE Icosahedron – 20 triangular faces  Ex.) herpes, chickenpox, polio Helix – Coiled spring  EX.)Rabies, measles, tobacco mosaic

60. 60 All viruses have two main parts: 1. DNA or RNA – genetic info 2. Capsid – a protein encasement

61. 61 Grouping Viruses  Grouped according to: Presence of Capsid and envelope – shape RNA or DNA, single or double stranded – struct. Viral GroupNucleic AcidShape and StructureExample PapovavirusesDNAIcosahedral, non-env.Warts, cancer AdenovirusesDNAIcosahedral, non-env.Resp. & intestinal infections HerpesvirusesDNAIcosahedral, envelopedHerpes simplex, chicken pox, mono, shingles PoxvirusesDNAComplex brick, envelopedSmall pox, cow pox PicornavirusesRNAIcosahedral, non-env.Polio, hepatitis, cancer MyxovirusesRNAHelical, envelopedInfluenza A, B, C RhabdovirusesRNAHelical, envelopedRabies RetrovirusesRNAIcosahedral, envelopedAIDS, cancer

62. 62 Grouping Viruses  Viroids- The smallest known particle that can replicate. Disrupt plant cell metabolism Can destroy entire crops  Prions – Abnormal forms of proteins that clump together inside cells. Clumping eventually kills the cell Examples  Scrapie – in sheep  Mad Cow Disease

63. 63 PRIONS – man-made problem?

64. 64 Viral Replication  Can replicate only by invading host cell and using its enzyme and organelles.  Bacteriophage – viruses that infect bacteria Used to study viruses  Lytic Cycle Viral genome is released into the host cell Replication follows immediately Cellular components used to make new viruses Viral enzyme kills cell.

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66. 66 Viral Replication Picture Click Movie to Play http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/schoolGraphics/biology2_1.mpg

67. 67 Replication cont’  Lysogenic Cycle Nucleic acid of virus becomes part of the host cell’s chromosome Nucleic acid remains in the cell in this form for many generations HIV follows this pattern HIV infects WBC and remains as proviruses As immune system fails, opportunistic infections occur = AIDS

68. 68

69. 69 Here is a classic picture of HIV viral progeny being released from the surface of a T- cell. Notice the membrane coating they receive.

70. 70 Viruses and Human Disease  Control and Prevention of spread. Vaccination & Antiviral drugs  Ex.) chickenpox vaccine, AZT, Acyclovir, protease inhibitors.  Emerging Viruses – exist in isolated habitats Do not usually infect humans unless environmental conditions favor contact.  Several viruses are now linked to cancers such as leukemia, liver cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma, cervical cancer.

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75. 75 PAPOVAVIRUSES BACK

76. 76 ADENOVIRUSES BACK

77. 77 HERPESVIRUSES BACK

78. 78 POXVIRUSES BACK

79. 79 PICORNAVIRUSES BACK

80. 80 After polio infections, the killer T-cell have destroyed the motor neurons that are producing the virus. The result is a loss of muscle control including the diaphragm. The iron lung changes the pressure to pump air in and out of the lungs.

81. 81 Which US President had polio?

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83. 83

84. 84 MYXOVIRUSES BACK

85. 85 RHABDOVIRUSES BACK

86. 86 RETROVIRUSES BACK

87. 87 What does bacteria have to do with DNA technology?  Bacteria are simple  Bacteria have DNA that is made of nucleotides (A,T,G,C)  Bacteria can be grown quickly and easily Give them food, warmth and dark (like inside you shoe) and they will multiply like mad (binary fission)

88. 88

89. 89  Bacteria have plasmids – extra DNA in the form of a circle

90. 90  Plasmids are DNA – made out of A,T,C,G nucleotides  The same nucleotides found in human DNA, plant DNA, dog DNA, fish DNA, fungus DNA  Get it – it’s all the same molecule

91. 91  So… why not take out a plasmid, cut it apart and add any other DNA piece that we want!

92. 92  Then put it back in the bacteria and grow more bacteria with that new plasmid that we have created! Hmmm? http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology/archive/ani mations.html

93. 93  How could rDNA and transformation be useful?  To be answered in DNA technology presentations

94. 94  Transduction – viruses attack cells  Bacteriophages: like tiny little syringes that inject DNA into the cell

95. 95 Look at how the virus infects http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/mic ro101/pages/Chap11.html

96. 96 Viral Infections  Ebola

97. 97  How could scientists use viruses for DNA technology  To be answered in DNA technology presentations

98. 98 Time to take ownership  Here’s what you should have down by the end of the class Wednesday: Bacteria and virus structures Types of bacteria Types of viruses How bacteria and viruses cause infection How bacteria and viruses can be useful DNA technology tools Overview of various DNA technologies – refer to chapter 13