1. Energy, Society, and the Environment Unit 8 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

2. Energy Efficiency Reducing Demand: Reducing Electricity and Petroleum Use Make the Produced Energy Go a Longer Way: through improved technology conscious energy use energy-conscious development changing lifestyle new products, new designs new approaches to transportation and buildings

3. Electricity Demand

4. Transportation Traffic in China Traffic in LA 1000 new cars on the road in Beijing alone

5. Energy Consumption vs. Wealth Source: United Nations Statistical Yearbook 2003

6. Petroleum Consumption The United States consumes 21 million barrels/day 25% of the world consumption Highest consumption per capita after Canada and Saudi Arabia

7. US Energy Consumption Energy flow in 2007 from the Department of Energy Petroleum: 39.82 Imported Petroleum: 28.70 Transportation: 29.10%

8. Buildings consume 39% of total U.S. energy 71% of electricity and 54% of natural gas Energy Consumption: Building End-Use Image credit: Building Technologies Dept, LBNL

9. Petroleum Use Primary Use: Transportation Agriculture (Industrial farming),Heating, Production of Plastics, Lubricants, Asphalt, Wax

10. Energy Efficiency I aim to show you that Energy Efficiency has to be the first component of any national energy plan or response to climate change Energy/cost savings can be HUGE with simple steps We’ll look at many examples

11. Today: In Class Demo of Energy Efficient Window Technology Bill Lake-Wright Prentice Fountain Home Depot

12. U.S. Energy Intensity is actually dropping

13. California: World’s 7th Largest Economy data from the California Energy Commission Total $700 Billion savings

14. ** These are despite overall increases in refrigerator and house sizes**

15. Types of Energy Savings insulation glazed low-E windows CFL/LED lights appliances cogeneration plants mileage standards ……… “pay-back time” is months- few years for most of these

16. Windows Image credits for Windows: Stephen Selkowitz, LBNL

17. Windows We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (the lower the better) Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value.

18. Double Glazed Low-e Triple Glazed Low-e, Krypton (plastic insert center layer) Test conditions: cold side -18°C, warm side 21°C) Warmer surfaces indicate higher insulating values; Energy Star Window (left) vs LBNL HiR technology Surface temperatures from infrared thermography

19. Windows We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (lower the better) Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value. Solar heat gain coefficient: Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for heating climates) U-value and SHGC can be controlled separately Windows can become energy PRODUCERS

20. Double Glaze: U = 0.5 + Gain - Loss 1973 1980 2010 2020 Single Glaze: U = 1 1990 Low “e” U =.35 (Energy Star) 2000 R6 Window U = 0.17 R10 Window U = 0.10 Annual Heating Energy Balance Double Glaze: U = 0.5 + Gain - Loss 1973 1980 2010 2020 Single Glaze: U = 1 1990 Low “e” U =.35 (Energy Star) 2000 R6 Window U = 0.17 R10 Window U = 0.10 Annual Heating Energy Balance Windows as Net Energy Producers

21. Windows We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (lower the better) Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value. Solar heat gain coefficient: Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for heating climates) Windows can become energy PRODUCERS Further technology: Dynamic windows. Response to sunlight.

22. Dynamic Windows Idea same as Photochromic Sunglasses: glass or plastic darkens or clears automatically in response to incident sunlight intensity

23. “Emerging” Option: Electrochromic Glazing Clear state Dark state

24. Insulation Biggest energy gains in buildings achieved through insulation Roofs, then windows, then walls Degree-days: Number of days x (T in - T out ) Example: Number of degree days accumulated in Fairbanks, AK between December and February when the average outside temperature is 10 F. (Average home T taken to be 65 F) Focus on new technology

25. Cool Roof Technology Direct Effect - Light-colored roofs reflect solar radiation, reduce air- conditioning use Indirect Effect - Light-colored surfaces in a neighborhood alter surface energy balance; result in lower ambient temperature

26. Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight

27. Reflectance Can be Increased 2-3 Fold Cool and Standard Color-Matched Concrete Tiles cool standard ∆R=0.37∆R=0.29∆R=0.15∆R=0.23∆R=0.26∆R=0.29 Courtesy American Rooftile Coatings

28. Cool Color Roofs flat, white pitched, white pitched, cool & colored Old New

29. Cool Color Cars Toyota experiment (surface temperature 18F cooler) Ford, BMW, and Fiat are also working on the technology slide credit: Akbari, LBNL

30. Lighting We talked about CFL: compact fluorescent lights Emerging technology: LED L.E.D.= Light Emitting Diode (Runs on 3.2V DC Power) Blue LED Made of semi-conductors; different semi-conductors, different colors

31. Energy Usage Comparison “Best” White LED and Compact Fluorescent vs. 60Watt Light Bulb Comparison Power Used (Watts) 53watts saved

32. Refrigerators 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 19471949195119531955195719591961196319651967196919711973197519771979198119831985198719891991199319951997199920012003200520072009 Average Energy Use per Unit Sold (kWh per year) Refrigerator Use per Unit 1978 Cal Standard 1990 Federal Standard 1987 Cal Standard 1980 Cal Standard 1993 Federal Standard 2001 Federal Standard

33. Not all Good News Estimated Household Standby Use vs. Time

34. Savings that Come from Efficiency Some examples of estimated savings in 2006 based on 1974 efficiencies minus 2006 efficiencies (California Example) Beginning in 2007 in California, reduction of “vampire” or stand- by losses –This will save $10 Billion when finally implemented, nation- wide Out of a total $700 Billion, a crude summary is that 1/3 is structural, 1/3 is from transportation, and 1/3 from buildings and industry. Billion $ Space Heating 40 Air Conditioning 30 Refrigerators 15 Fluorescent Tube Lamps 5 Compact Fluorescent Lamps 5 Total95

35. Office hours today: 1:30-2:30

36. Total Estimated Savings for a House

37. Energy Conservation Technical advances Government Policy measures: local and federal Consumer Education and Attitude

38. Discussion so far: What can technology do for you? Now: What can YOU do for energy conservation?

39. Energy Conscious Attitude REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE

40. Consumer Attitude Consume less. Think about what you need when you consume. Choose reusable products. Use products longer: change from a throw-away society Comes back to the question I asked Day 1: Should I replace my car? (or my washer, or even my couch…) NO, unless it is broken and cannot be fixed. When you need to replace a product, recycle it.

41. Recycling

42. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle We’ll watch a short movie: “The Story of Stuff” by Annie Leonard

43. Planned Obsolescence From Wikipedia: Sloan is credited with establishing annual styling changes, from which came the concept of planned obsolescence. He also established a pricing structure in which (from lowest to highest priced) Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac referred to as the ladder of success did not compete with each other, and buyers could be kept in the GM "family" as their buying power and preferences changed as they aged.planned obsolescenceChevroletPontiacOldsmobileBuickCadillac

44. U.S. Energy Plan California Energy Action Plan of 2003: 1. Energy efficiency and Demand Response 2. Renewable Generation, 3. Increased development of affordable & reliable conventional generation 4. Transmission expansion to support all of California’s energy goals. The U.S. Energy Plan needs to emulate this.

45. Art Rosenfeld’s Observation About the Value of Energy Efficiency Art Rosenfeld: Senior Adviser to USDE; California Energy Commisioner

46. “NEGAWATTS” Negawatt revolution: From Megawatts to Negawatts You get the most financial benefit from saving electricity, as well as the most environmental benefit.

47. Amory Lovins, Energy Strategy: The Road not Taken?, Foreign Affairs, 1976

48. Remember: No Energy Generation is Perfect oil and gas: not enough resources coal: not enough atmosphere biomass: not enough land hydropower & wind: not enough sites (intermittent) nuclear fission: too unforgiving nuclear fusion: too difficult photovoltaics: too expensive, intermittent hydrogen:not a primary source Holdren, John P. (2006) ENR302 Energy Technology, Markets, and Policy. Lecture 1, February 2, 2006

49. Energy Efficiency Measures Technologies –High efficiency CFLs, variable speed drives –Modified function Heat pump, point of use lighting –Economics: real costs, hidden (delayed) benefits Load Reduction –Insulation Ceiling, water heaters, ducts, weather stripping –Passive Strategies Solar heating, shading, light colored roof Energy Management –Automation Sensors, clock/thermostat, zone controls –Behavioral Turning off lights, thermostat control (battle of the sexes) Conservation: lifestyle issues, consumption

50. ENERGY STAR-labeled products Clothes Washers Dishwashers Refrigerators Room Air Conditioners TVs, VCRs, Audio Equipment Home Heating and Cooling Products New Homes Windows Residential Lighting Fixtures Roof Products Insulation Exit Signs Office Equipment Transformers Roof Products Insulation Commercial Buildings ResidentialCommercial See http://www.energystar.gov/ for more details

51. Drawback: allows comparison of similar models only