1. CAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SPACE EXPLORATION ENHANCE GLOBAL SECURITY? JOHN M. LOGSDON SPACE POLICY INSTITUTE ELLIOTT SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, DC

2. THERE ARE MANY REASONS WHY NATIONS COOPERATE IN SPACE To share costs To share costs To increase the pool of scientific and technical expertise that can be applied to a particular space undertaking To increase the pool of scientific and technical expertise that can be applied to a particular space undertaking To increase domestic political support for a project To increase domestic political support for a project As a means of demonstrating leadership As a means of demonstrating leadership To forge positive relationships that have impacts beyond a particular project To forge positive relationships that have impacts beyond a particular project Within the space sector Within the space sector Beyond the space sector Beyond the space sector

3. MAKING THE SPACE STATION INTERNATIONAL NASA will invite other countries to participate so we can strengthen peace, build prosperity, and expand freedom for all who share our goals. NASA will invite other countries to participate so we can strengthen peace, build prosperity, and expand freedom for all who share our goals. President Ronald Reagan, January 25, 1984

6. LUNAR EXPLORATION THEME GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS “Provide a challenging, shared and peaceful activity that unites nations in pursuit of common objectives.”

7. DEVELOPING A GLOBAL EXPLORATION STRATEGY

8. HOW COULD WE KNOW IF SPACE COOPERATION ENHANCES GLOBAL SECURITY? Need first of all to understand what leads to global security Need first of all to understand what leads to global security Contending perspectives Contending perspectives Realist – international relations are characterized by a struggle for power, changing alliances, threat and use of force. Security a result of balance of power at a particular time. Realist – international relations are characterized by a struggle for power, changing alliances, threat and use of force. Security a result of balance of power at a particular time. Liberal – international relations are characterized by complex interdependence. Create security by expanding and institutionalizing cooperation. Liberal – international relations are characterized by complex interdependence. Create security by expanding and institutionalizing cooperation. Identity – international relations determined by what people and states believe. Common ideas, norms, and values promote security Identity – international relations determined by what people and states believe. Common ideas, norms, and values promote security

9. “PEACE BY PIECES” THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE Argues that cooperation in specific technical (“functional”) sectors will reduce international conflict and will eventually lead to integration across sectors Argues that cooperation in specific technical (“functional”) sectors will reduce international conflict and will eventually lead to integration across sectors Key mechanism is the habit of cooperation, which will “spill over” new to sectors Key mechanism is the habit of cooperation, which will “spill over” new to sectors European Union is seen as leading example of this process European Union is seen as leading example of this process

10. IS THE ISS AN EXAMPLE OF THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE? “Some alliances are more than collaborative regimes – they are arrangements for joint decision making in which states care about the joint power of the alliance and in which they attach interests to their allies’ interests. They commit themselves to act neither unilaterally nor without concern for the needs of their allies. Such alliances entail collective interests, sympathy, and solidarity.” “Some alliances are more than collaborative regimes – they are arrangements for joint decision making in which states care about the joint power of the alliance and in which they attach interests to their allies’ interests. They commit themselves to act neither unilaterally nor without concern for the needs of their allies. Such alliances entail collective interests, sympathy, and solidarity.” Arthur Stein, Why Nations Cooperate (1990) Arthur Stein, Why Nations Cooperate (1990)

11. A STRAW IN THE WIND? The United States should cooperate with other nations (with France specifically called out) in sharing space situational awareness data. The United States should cooperate with other nations (with France specifically called out) in sharing space situational awareness data. Air Force Chief of Staff General Michael Moseley, April 11, 2007 Air Force Chief of Staff General Michael Moseley, April 11, 2007

12. "As we leave the Moon at Taurus- Littrow, we leave as we came, and God willing, as we shall return, with peace and hope for all mankind.” "As we leave the Moon at Taurus- Littrow, we leave as we came, and God willing, as we shall return, with peace and hope for all mankind.” Eugene Cernan, Apollo 17 Commander, December 14, 1972