1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C H A P T E R Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill “Science refines everyday thinking.” — Albert Einstein German-Born American Physicist, 20th Century “Science refines everyday thinking.” — Albert Einstein German-Born American Physicist, 20th Century 2 Chapter Title The Science of Adolescent Development

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2 The Scientific Method Conceptualize the problem Collect information (data) Analyze data Draw conclusions

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 3 Theory An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make predictions

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Hypothesis Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 Psychoanalytic theories Superego Id Ego Freud Personality Structure

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 6 Psychoanalytic Freud –Defense Mechanisms Unconscious methods the ego uses to distort reality and protect itself from anxiety Examples: Repression and Regression

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 7 Psychoanalytic Freud Fig. 2.1

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Psychoanalytic Revisions of Freud’s Theories – Less emphasis on sexual motivations – More emphasis on social aspirations

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 9 Psychoanalytic (Continued…) Fig. 2.3

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Psychoanalytic (Continued from previous slide)

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 11 Cognitive Piaget Fig. 2.4

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 12 Cognitive Vygotsky –Cognitive skills can be understood only when they are developmentally analyzed and interpreted –Cognitive skills are mediated by words, language, and forms of discourse –Cognitive skills have their origins in social relations

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13 Information Processing Theory –How information is: Perceived Encoded Represented Stored Retrieved Cognitive

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 14 Behavioral Skinner –The scientific study of observable behavior responses and their environmental determinants –Behavior is learned and often changes according to environmental experience

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 Social Cognitive Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Fig. 2.5

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 16 Ecological, Contextual Bronfenbrenner –Microsystem –Mesosystem –Exosystem –Macrosystem –Chronosystem

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 17 Eclectic Theoretical Orientation –Not following any one theoretical approach, but rather selecting from each theory whatever is considered the best in it

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 18 Descriptive Research Observe and record behavior –Observation –Surveys and Interviews –Standardized Tests –Experience Sampling –Physiological Measures –Case Studies

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 19 The Correlational Method Describes the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics –Correlation Coefficient +1.00 to -1.00 –Negative vs. Positive –Size of the number –Correlation does not imply causation

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 20 Correlational Research Possible Explanations of Correlational Data Fig. 2.10

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21 Random Assignment/Experimental Design Fig. 2.11

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 22 Time Span of Research Cross-sectional research –Research that studies people all at one time Longitudinal research –Research that studies the same people over a period of time, usually several years or more

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 23 Comparison and Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Approaches Fig. 2.12

24. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 24 The Field of Adolescent Development Research Journals –Journal of Research on Adolescence –Journal of Early Adolescence –Journal of Youth and Adolescence –Adolescence –Child Development

25. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 25 Research Challenges Conducting Ethical Research Gender Bias Culture and Ethnic Bias Ethnic Gloss

26. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 26 Being a Wise Consumer of Information Be cautious of what is reported in the popular media Recognize the tendency to over generalize a small or clinical sample Be aware that a single study usually is not the defining word Remember that causal conclusions cannot be drawn from correlational studies Always consider the source of the information and evaluate its credibility

27. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 27 Taking it to the Net Master the material in this chapter by visiting the Online Learning Center: http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11